As I Lay Dying (book) Essay Example for Free

As I Lay Dying (book) EssayThe character Addie Bundren is portrayed in many ways throughout the novel As I Lay Dying. The whole story revolves around the fact that Addie is dead and her wish to be conceal near her blood relatives rather than her own family. The impression the reader gets of Addie is developed through many different characters views and descriptions of Addie. One character that helps us understand Addies personality a little more is Cora Tull.Cora Tull, Vernon Tulls wife, expresses Addies voice and personality through her memories of Addie. Cora stood with Addie during her final hours. Cora disapproves of Addies behavior and lack of religion. Cora dis handles the fact that Addies do for Jewel is greater than her love of God. Another character that helps us understand Addie is Minister Whitfield. Addie had an affair with the minister and had a baby. This affair shows how Addie sees marital love and motherhood as empty concepts and are just there to fill empty vo ids.Addie doesnt have an affair with the minister solely on lust, provided she does it for self-gratification and self-expression also. Vardaman, the youngest of the Bundren children, compares his mothers death to a fish he recently caught and cleaned. Vardaman compares his mother to a fish because the fish and his mother have two died. The fish and his mother have changed because of death. Both Addie and the fish no longer have essence, which could be interpreted as an existentialist view.In a chapter where Addie apparently speaks from the dead, Addies personality is truly shown. We learn that Addie is a pessimistic and unfulfilled woman, who marries her ignorant husband Anse. She admits to only caring for two of her children and the rest she calls or labels as Anses children, who were born out of an obligation. Addies personality is put together by the views, comparisons, and descriptions of her youngest son Vardaman, her neighbor Cora Tull, The affair she had with Minister Wh itfield, and her own personal voice. through with(predicate) these views, we could conclude/interpret that Addie was a strong-willed and intelligent woman who dislikes the obligations put on women during that time period. Cora Tull shows her as some who lacks religion. The affair with the minister shows that she is a woman who needed gratification. Her youngest son shows how she is a mother who was completely lost in death and no longer has essence. Her own voice shows that she is a person who feels like women are obligated to fit into the roles of being a mother and a wife.

Participatory Notes Essay Example for Free

Participatory Notes EssayParticipatory Notes commonly know as P-Notes or PNs argon instruments issued by learned foreign institutional investors (FII) to overseas investors, who wish to invest in the Indian stock markets without registering themselves with the market regulator, the Securities and Exchange Board of India SEBI.SEBI permitted foreign institutional investors to register and participate in the Indian stock market in 1992.Investing through P-Notes is very simple and hence very popular amongst foreign institutional investors.Contents1 Working2 Need3 Participatory Notes Crisis of 20074 Trends in PN5 ReferencesWorkingParticipatory notes atomic number 18 instruments used for qualification investments in the stock markets. However, they are not used within the country. They are used outside India for making investments in shares listed in that country. That is why they are in like manner called offshore derivative instruments.In the Indian context, foreign institution al investors (FIIs) and their sub-accounts mostly use these instruments for facilitating the participation of their overseas clients, who are not interested in dynamic directly in the Indian stock market.For example, Indian-based brokerages buy India-based securities and then issue participatory notes to foreign investors. Any dividends or capital gains collected from the underlying securities go back to the investors.NeedAnonymity Any entity investing in participatory notes is not required to register with SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India), whereas all FIIs have to compulsorily get registered. It enables large hedge funds to carry out their operations without disclosing their identity. Ease of Trading Trading through participatory notes is easy because participatory notes are like contract notes transferable by endorsement and delivery. Tax Saving Some of the entities route their investment through participatory notes to retort advantage of the tax income laws of cert ain preferred countries. Money Laundering PNs are becoming a favourite with a host of Indian money launderers who use them to first take funds out of country through hawala and then get it back using PNs.

Impact of Public Debt on the Economic Growth Essay Example for Free

Impact of Public Debt on the Economic Growth EssayGovernment debt is alike known as overt debt. It is the debt owed by a federal government to the internal or external sources. It is required when the stocks of government securities are insufficient to cover previous budget deficits. cypher deficits occur when the level of government expenditures exceeds its revenues. Based on macro frugal theory, the level of government expenditure must be positive with the frugal growth. The high the expenditure, the higher go out be the economic growth.Government expenditure can be divided into productive and unproductive expenditure. Productive expenditure testament be contributed to the economic growth in a few years time. Meanwhile, the unproductive expenditure will lead to the decline in the economic growth. Productive expenditure even out of education and health. Besides, the unproductive expenditure consists of expenditure like pension and subsidies. Meanwhile, high budget defic it will reduce the level of economic growth.In locate to finance additional expenditures, the government will borrow money from internal sources. Since the demand of the loanable funds is also derived from the private sector, additional demand from the government will boost the interest rate. Consequently, high interest rate will distort the level of investment. Finally, the lower level of investment will lead to lower economic growth for the country. In addition, high open debt will also result to a financial crisis.If a country is experiencing a trend of an increasing public debt, the investors may be worried about the capabilities of that country to pay its debt. Apart from that, they will ask for higher interest rate as a condom and profitable measures for them to keep financing the deficits. An increase in interest rate can distort the level of economic growth and would create financial crisis. Besides, it is also acts as an obstacle to the development because it will weaken s the governments ability to achieve macroeconomic stability.It comprises the stability of inflation, interest rate and exchange rate target. It will also create adverse incentives associated with future taxes. High debt also will stop the social and developmental progress. Malaysian economy may not be able to achieve high and sustainable economic growth in the long-run if the federal government keeps borrowing money from the domestic sources in govern to finance the budget deficit. However, there is no such evidence to conclude that the external debt can distort the economic growth in the long-run.

Phishing and Pharming Attacks

Phishing and Pharming AttacksIn this report, it provides every flummoxview more or less phishing and pharming bid what is phishing, what is pharming, what ar the impacts that ca apply by phishing and pharming and what are the solutions crowd out be apply to remediate or minimize the chance of being attack by phishing and pharming.Phishing are meshwork rigs or identity thefts that occasion to acquire or steal tar captureed victims naked info standardized individual(prenominal) identity data or financial account credentials. Phishing can be carried out by attackers using social engineering like sending email, through instant messaging (IM), peer to peer (P2P) networks, search engine and other techniques to re direct exercisers to fraudulent weavesite.Pharming is the new twist of internet fraud or identity theft. It is the evolutionary of phishing that utilise to achieve the same goal, but pharming is more sophisticated. Pharming can be check out by using skilful sub terfuge such as DNS cache poisoning, worldly concern hijacking and other techniques to redirect users to fraudulent sacksite or proxy force to solicit users sensitive own(prenominal) information.Phishing and pharming attack will cause financial impacts on the targeted victims or hard-hit to small organization. It will besides cause the undermining of consumers confident in using internet over guarantee transaction or communication. Beside from this, phishing and pharming will also cause the law investigating sustain harder.Table of ContentSummary2Table of Content-3Table of Tables and Figures4Introduction-5Method of Phishing Attack-62.1. radio splice Manipulation62.2 Filter Evasion72.3 Website Forgery72.4 Ph champion Phishing-82.5 Example of Phishing92.6 Phishing Report-10Method of Pharming Attack13How Pharming Works13DNS cache poisoning16Domain Hijacking16Registration of sympathetic sounding macrocosms17Impact caused by phishing / pharming18Prevention of phishing and ph arming20Prevention What to do?20Prevention What non to do?-21Classic phishing defenses 21Client-side21Server-side22Enterprise-22Additional Pharming-Specific defenses23Change Management, Monitoring and Alerting-23Third-party military Resolution Verification Services-24DNS Server Patching, Updating and Configuration25 face engine Control-26Conclusion-27Recommendation29Reference30Bibliography31Appendix32Template 1.032Template 2.034TABLE OF TABLES AND FIGURESFigure 1-9Figure 210Figure 311Figure 412Figure 514INTRODUCTIONPhishing and Pharming are two of the most organized crimes of the 21st nose candy requiring very little skill on the part of the fraudster. These result in identity theft and financial fraud when the fraudster tricks the online users into giving their confidential information like Passwords, Social Security Numbers, Credit Card Numbers, CVV Numbers, and personal information such as birthdates and mothers maiden names etc. This information is then either used by frauds ters for their own needs such as impersonate the victim to transfer funds from the victims account, purchase merchandise etc., or is sold in a variety of online brokering forums and chat channels for a profit.The Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG) study indicates that 26,877 phishing attacks were reported in October 2006, a 21 percent increase over Septembers 22,136 attacks and an increase of 70% as compared to October 2005. Through these attacks the fraudsters hijacked 176 brands resulting in huge financial losses and loss of reputation to enterprises. The Gartner study reported that more than 2 million Americans moderate had their checking accounts raided by criminals in 2004, the average loss per incident being $1,2002.With phishers developing evermore sophisticated attacks, these numbers are bound to increase in the get along in store(predicate). Hence, battling these attacks has become a high priority for Governments and Industry Groups.METHOD OF PHISHING ATTACKLink Manipul ationMost methods of phishing use some form of technical conjury designed to make a link in an netmail (and the spoofed weavesite it leads to) appear to belong to the spoofed organization. Misspelled URLs or the use of sub domains are common tricks used by phishers, such as this example URL, http//www.your brink.example.com/. Another common trick is to make the anchor text for a link appear to be valid, when the link very goes to the phishers site, such as http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genuine.An old method of spoofing used links containing the symbol, originally in laddered as a way to include a username and password (contrary to the standard). For example, the link http//emailprotected/ might deceive a casual observer into believing that it will open a knave on www.google.com, whereas it actually directs the browser to a page on members.tripod.com, using a username of www.google.com the page opens normally, regardless of the username supplied. Such URLs were disabled in Intern et Explorer, while Mozilla and Opera present a warning meaning and give the option of continuing to the site or cancelling.A further problem with URLs has been found in the handling of Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) in web browsers, that might allow visually identical web call ines to lead to different, possibly vicious, websites. Despite the publicity surrounding the flaw, known as IDN spoofing or a homograph attack, no known phishing attacks involve yet taken advantage of it.citation needed Phishers have taken advantage of a similar risk, using open URL redirectors on the websites of certain(p) organizations to disguise malicious URLs with a trusted domain.Filter EvasionPhishers have used images instead of text to make it harder for anti-phishing filters to detect text commonly used in phishing e-mails.2.3 Website ForgeryOnce the victim visits the website the deception is not over. Some phishing scams use JavaScript commands in order to alter the address bar. This is don e either by placing a picture of a true URL over the address bar, or by closing the original address bar and opening a new one with the legitimate URL.An attacker can even use flaws in a trusted websites own scripts against the victim. These types of attacks (known as cross-site scripting) are particularly problematic, because they direct the user to sign in at their rely or services own web page, where everything from the web address to the credential certificates appears correct. In reality, the link to the website is crafted to carry out the attack, although it is very difficult to spot without specialist knowledge. Just such a flaw was used in 2006 against PayPal.A Universal Man-in-the-middle Phishing Kit, discovered by RSA Security, provides a simple-to-use interface that allows a phisher to convincingly reproduce websites and capture log-in details entered at the fake site.To avoid anti-phishing techniques that scan websites for phishing-related text, phishers have begun to use Flash-based websites. These figure much like the real website, but hide the text in a multimedia object.2.4 Phone PhishingNot all phishing attacks require a fake website. Messages that claimed to be from a bank told users to dial a phone number regarding problems with their bank accounts. Once the phone number (owned by the phisher, and provided by a verbalize over IP service) was dialed, prompts told users to enter their account numbers and PIN. Vishing (voice phishing) sometimes uses fake caller-ID data to give the appearance that calls come from a trusted organization.EXAMPLE OF PHISHINGAs scam artists become more sophisticated, so do their phishing e-mail messages and pop-up windows.They often include official-looking logos from real organizations and other identifying information taken directly from legitimate Web sites.The following is an example of what a phishing scam e-mail message might look like.Figure 1Example of a phishing e-mail message, which includes a decepti ve URL address that links to a scam Web site.To make these phishing e-mail messages look even more legitimate, the scam artists may behind a link in them that appears to go to the legitimate Web site, but it actually takes you to a phony scam site or possibly a pop-up window that looks exactly like the official site.These deportcat sites are also called spoofed Web sites. Once youre at one of these spoofed sites, you might unwittingly send personal information to the con artists.PHISHING REPORTFigure 2The number of websites multitudeing signalize logging crime ware systems raise by over 1,100, reaching 3,362, the stand by highest number recorded in the preceding 12 months.Web sense Security Labs believes much of this increase is due to attackers increasing ability to co-opt sites to break up crime ware using automated tools.Figure 3The number of unique key logger crime ware variants detected in January reached a new high of 364, an increase of 1.4% from the previous high in O ctober, 2007.Figure 4Anti-Phishing Working Group, Phishing Activity Trends Report, June 2005Phishing undermines consumer confidence. Corporate websites of valid, well-respected companies are being cloned to sell vanished products, or to get consumers to participate in money-laundering activities while believing that they are dealing with a legitimate organization. The public relations consequences for the company that has had its website cloned can be as severe as the financial losses.3.0 METHOD OF PHARMING ATTACKYou must be well aware of phishing and its potential to cause damage. They bait bank customers with true(a) looking emails and manage to usurp money or personal information from unsuspecting customers with reasonable success. You are also aware that responding to mails sent by your bank may not be a good idea because banks never require to send emails to get your credentials. They have more secure channels to get that information.However, pharming attacks do not require a n attacker to send mails. By carrying out pharming attacks, a criminal can get admission price to a wider target than phishing emails and as quickly as possible. Hence the ph effect on the word farming. They are not fishing, they are farming for gullible people By the way, pharming is a real dictionary word.HOW PHARMING WORKSPharming attacks do not take advantage of any new technique. They use the well known DNS cache poisoning, domain spoofing and domain hijacking techniques that have been around for quite long. However, the motives of carrying out these attacks have changed.Earlier they were interested in just disrupting services and causing nuisance. But now, the game has become a matter of money than that of chest thumping. These techniques continue to exist because administrators and website owners dont care to secure and monitor their DNS servers while they have invested millions of dollars in application firewalls.How a common pharming attack is carried outFigure 51. The at tacker targets the DNS service used by the customer. This server can be a DNS server on the local area network or the DNS server hosted by an ISP for all users. The attacker, using various techniques, manages to change the IP address of www.nicebank.com to the IP address of a web server which contains a fake replica of nicebank.com.2. substance abuser wants to go the website www.nicebank.com and types the address in the web browser.3. Users figurer queries the DNS server for the IP address of www.nicebank.com.4. Since the DNS server has already been poisoned by the attacker, it returns the IP address of the fake website to the users computer.The users computer is tricked into thinking that the poisoned reply is the correct IP address of the website. The user has now been fooled into visiting fake website controlled by the attacker quite a than the original www.nicebank.com website.Once the attacker has managed to get the user to visit the fake website, there are many ways in which the user can be tricked into revealing his / her credentials or giving out personal information. The beauty, or lets say, the notoriety of pharming over phishing is evident from the fact that one successful attempt in poisoning the DNS server can be potentially used to trick all the users of that DNS service. Much less effort and wider impact than phishing.DNS cache poisoning every last(predicate) DNS servers cache the queries that users have made for a certain period of time. This is done to speed up the responses to users for frequently used domains. This cache maintained by the DNS server can be poisoned by using malicious responses or taking advantage of vulnerabilities in the DNS software itself.Domain HijackingThis is an actual incident that took place a year ago. Panix, an ISP based in New York was the target of a domain hijack attack. All domains are typically registered with registrars which store information about the owner of a domain and location of the domains DNS serv ers. If any of this information is required to be changed, the approval of the domain owner is required. A domain owner can even switch registrars depending on costs and convenience. However, confirmation of the switch is required from all three parties, the domain owner, the old registrar and the new registrar.In grammatical case of Panix, a change was initiated by an unknown person in Australia. The person managed to skip confirmation from the old registrar and the domain owner. This was because the new registrar was not following the domain transfer process strictly. The result was, the unknown person managed to gain control over the panix.com domain completely. The person managed to divert all the web traffic of panix.com and customer emails to another server located in Canada.Domain hijacking has the widest impact because the attacker targets the domain registration information itself.Registration of similar sounding domainsSimilar sounding or similar looking domains are anoth er source of security issues for internet users. An attacker can register a domain www.n1cebank.com and carry out pharming and phishing attacks on unsuspecting customers who dont notice the difference in the letter i being replaced by a 1.Also domain names created by misprints on the original words (e.g. www.nicebqnk.com) manage to attract a lot of traffic. One such study on a prevalent domain cartoonnetwork.com shows that one in four people visiting the website incorrectly type a simple name like cartoonnetwork.com. So what about typo domains? One quick search in Google reveals that it is quite a big concern. An attacker can easily buy typo domains and setup his fake website on these domains to fool unsuspecting visitors.IMPACT CAUSED BY PHISHING AND PHARMINGThere are impacts that caused by rising of phishing and pharming. One of the impacts that caused by phishing and pharming is the lost of financial on both organizations and consumers. tally to the InternetNews.com, there are about $1.2 Billion lost in financial of banks and credit card issuers at year 2003, while at year 2004, there is about 12 Million lost in financial reported by the Association of Payment Clearing Services in United Kingdom. receivable to the credit card association policies, the online merchants that accepted and approved transactions made by using credit card numbers which solicit through internet fraud may need to liable for the full amount of those transactions. This may cause hard-hit to those small organizations.Another impact that caused by phishing and pharming is the undermining of the consumers trust in the secured internet transaction or communication. This situation occurred because the internet fraud like phishing and pharming made consumer feel uncertain about the integrity of the financial and commercial websites although the web address display in the address is correct.Phishing and pharming also caused some impact on the Law investigation. It makes the law investigat ion become harder because the technique that used by attackers to come phishing and pharming is more sophisticated. In nowadays, those attackers can perform all of the phishing and pharming attack at a location that provided with the internet connection. With the available of internet connection, they can make use of it to perform attacking activities. Those activities included the control of a computer located in one place to perform phishing and pharmings attack by using computer located at another place. The investigation become harder also because of the division of attacking t supplicates to several people located in different locations.PREVENTION OF PHISHING AND PHARMINGPharming attacks tend to be harder to defend against that traditional Phishing attacks due to the distributed nature of the attack focus and the use of resources not under the control of the victim organisation. In addition, the manipulation of the DNS contract process occurs at such a fundamental level that there are very few methods available to reliably detect any malicious changes.5.1 PREVENTION WHAT TO DO?By using anti-virus software, spyware filters, e-mail filters and firewall programs and make sure that they are regular updated to protect your computer.Ensures that your Internet browser is up to date and security patches employ.Be suspicious of any e-mail with urgent requests for personal financial information or threats of terminal figureination of online account.Dont rely on links contained in e-mails, even if the web address appears to be correct, and use only channels that you know from independent sources are reliable (e.g., information on your bank card, hard copy correspondence, or montly account statement) when contacting your financial institution.When submitting credit card or other sensitive information via your Web browser, always ensure that youre using a secure website.Regularly log into your accounts.Regularly check your bank, credit and debit card statements to ensure that all transaction are legitimate.PREVENTION WHAT NOT TO DO?Dont assume that you can correctly identify a website as legitimate just by looking at its general appearance.Dont use the link in an e-mail to get to any web page, if you suspect the message might not be authentic.Avoid filling out forms in an e-mail messages or pop-up windows that ask for personal financial information.CLASSIC PHISHING DEFENCESMany of the defences used to thwart phishing attacks can be used to help prevent or limit the scope of future Pharming attacks. While readers are referred to the detailed coverage of these defence tactics explained in The Phishing Guide, a brief summary of these key defences is as followsClient-SideDesktop protection technologies purpose of appropriate, less sophisticated, communication settingsUser application-level monitoring solutionsLocking-down browser capabilitiesDigital signing and validation of emailGeneral security sense5.3.2 Server-SideImproving customer awar enessProviding validation information for official communicationsEnsuring that the Internet web application is securely developed and doesnt include easily exploitable attack vectorsUsing strong token-based credential systemsKeeping naming systems simple and understandable5.3.3 EnterpriseAutomatic validation of sending email server addresses,Digital signing of email services,Monitoring of collective domains and notification of similar registrations,Perimeter or gateway protection agents,Third-party managed services.ADDITIONAL PHARMING-SPECIFIC DEFENCESWhile Phishing attacks typically use email as the attack delivery platform, Pharming attacks do not require any email obfuscation attacks to succeed therefore Phishing defences that rely upon email security play a lesser role. The defences that will be most successful in preventing Pharming attacks focus upon the following areasChange management, monitoring and alertingThird-party host resolution verificationDNS server patching, upd ating and form attempt engine control5.4.1 Change Management, Monitoring, and AlertingThe potential for an administrator or other authoritative employee to maliciously modify DNS resolution information without detection is great. As financial incentives increase, organisations and ISPs will need to ensure that adequate change control, monitoring and alerting mechanisms are in place and enforced.It is recommended thatWherever editing is possible, access to DNS configuration files and caching data is limited to approved employees only.A change management process is used to log and monitor all changes to DNS configuration information.Auditing of DNS record changes is instigated by a team external to any DNS administrative personnel with automatic alerting of changes conducted in real time.Regular audits and comparative analysis of secondary DNS and caching servers should be conducted.Third-party Host Resolution Verification ServicesToolbarsMany third-party developed plug-in toolbars o riginally designed to detectPhishing attacks are deceived by Pharming attacks. Typically, these Phishing toolbars show the IP address and reverse hunting information for the host that the browser has connected to, so that customer can clearly see if he has reached a fake site. Some managed toolbars (normally available through a subscription service) also compare the host name or URL of the current site to an updatable list (or real-time querying) of known phishing sites.Some toolbars now tornado limited anti-pharming protection by maintaining a stored list of previously validated good IP addresses associated with a particular web address or host name. Should the customer connect to an IP address not previously associated with the host name, a warning is raised. However, problems can occur with organisations that change the IP addresses of their online services, or have large numbers of IP addresses associated with a particular host name.In addition, some toolbars provide IP addres s allocation information such as clearly stating the geographic region associated with a particular netblock. This is useful for identifying possible fake Pharming sites that have been setup in Poland pretending to be for an Australian bank for instance.Server CertificatesTo help prevent pharming attacks, an additional layer can be added to the authentication process, such as getting the server to prove it is what it says it is. This can be achieved through the use of server certificates.Most web browsers have the ability to read and validate server identification certificates. The process would require the server host (or organisation) obtain a certificate from a trusted certificate authority, such as Verisign, and present it to the customers browser upon connection for validation.5.4.3 DNS Server Patching, Updating and ConfigurationAs with any Internet-based host, it is vial that all accessible services be configured in a secure manner and that all current security updates or patc hes be applied. Failure to do so is likely to result in an exploitation of any security weaknesses, resulting in a loss of data integrity. presumptuousness the number of possible attacks that can be achieved by an attacker whom manages to compromise an organisations DNS servers, these hosts are frequently targeted by attackers. Therefore it is vital that security patches and updates be applied as quickly as possible typically organisations should aim to apply fixes within hours of release.Similarly, it is important that organisations use up to date versions of the service wherever possible. As we have already discussed in section 3.6, each new version of the DNS software usually contains substantial changes to protect against the latest attack vectors (e.g. randomising DNS IDs, randomising port numbers, etc.)5.4.4 Search Engine ControlInternet search engines are undergoing constant development. Many of the methods used by attackers to increase their page ranking statistics are know n of by the search engine developers, and a constant cycle of detection and refinement can be observed by both parties. For instance, Google modified its search algorithm to reset the page rank statistics of web sites that had recently changed ownership this was to reduce the impact of instant backlinks and the weighting they attach to a ranking.Traditionally the emphasis on increasing a pages ranking has been for revenue or lead generation most closely associated with advertising. However, the increasing pace at which customers are relying upon search engines to access key services (such as online banking) means that a Pharmer who can get his fake site ranked at the top is likely to acquire a high number of victims.Organisations should ensure that they regularly review keyword associations with their online services. Ideally automated processes should be developed to constantly monitor all the popular search engines for key search words or phrases customers are likely to use to locate their key services. It is also important that region-specific search engines also be monitored.CONCLUSIONThe term phishing is about the use of social engineering by performing online imitation of brands to send spoof email that contain of hyperlink to fraudulent website to solicit users sensitive personal information like credit card number, PIN, mothers maiden name and etc. Phishing can also be done through installing keylogger at users computer.Pharming use technical subterfuge like DNS cache poisoning, domain hijacking, routers setting or firmware malconfiguration to redirect users to a fraudulent website. Pharming may also perform by sending the targeted victims an email that contained of viruses or Trojan horse that will install small application that will redirect user to fraudulent website.There are impacts that caused by both phishing and pharming. Those impacts included the lost of financial, undermining of user confident in secured online transaction or communicatio n, hard hit to small organizations and cause the law investigation harder.As a web developer, SSL certificate, switching of the recursion queries or DNS security extension should be apply because it can protect the DNS or website from phishing and pharming attack. Visual clues can also be use so that user can easily differentiate between authentic website and fraudulent website. Token based authentication also one of the technique that can be apply to protect the website or DNS server from phishing and pharming attack.Users are also responsible to protect their self from phishing and pharming attack by not opening email or download attachment from unknown sender or email that required user to respond by clicking on the hyperlink contained in the email. User should also double confirm the URL at the address bar when a warning message like SSL certificate do not match with the sites appear. User can also install security entourage or firewall in the computer in order to protect user f rom phishing and pharming. User can also look for the lock or key icon at the bottom of the browser that lock the site they want to enter their sensitive personal information.As a user, we can also report the attack of phishing and pharming to the related agencies or company through internet or telephone to avail the work of minimize the attack. In addition, laws are also being introduced to against phisher and pharmer.RECOMMENDATIONTo prevent from becoming the victims of phishing and pharming, I suggest to users that must install security suite or firewall in their computer and the detection signature of the security suite should be up to date. Besides from this, I also suggest that users should beware in opening any email or attachment that they receive in order to prevent their self from becoming the victims of phishing and pharming.I also suggest to web developers that they should use SSL certificate, switch off the recursion queries, install DNS security extension in protect

Risks of Forex Investment

Risks of Forex InvestmentCurrency marketIntroductionThe orthogonal exchange market is a very liquid market everyone can trade and sell, everyone has access to it 24/7. Un identical the stock exchange, where its centralised at a particular area, such as the New York Stock Exchange. that the capital market is an over the counter market it can be traded in any geographic location. There is no broker fee, only a low-cost transaction fee, which makes it more accessible for people to invest in. To answer the assignment question, we will need to look at the risks associated with currency market, the potential returns and finally how to manage these factors.RisksWhen an organisation makes the decision to engage in international financing activities, the company also take on redundant risk as well as opportunities. The most common risks are associated with businesses engaging in international finance which includes foreign exchange risk and governmental risk, such as Trump being elected the forward-looking president of United States of America. The dollar increased, and will continue to increase, depending on what political decision he makes, as Donald Trump plays a huge part of influencing the care for of the dollar. These political risks may make it difficult to maintain constant and reliable revenue for the quick or could be a potential to make a profit.An investor could also invest in Forex, but there is always a risk that occurs when the value of investment vacillates. This is due to changes in a currencys conversion rate. When a native currency appreciates against a foreign exchange, profit or returns earned in the foreign country will decline after being exchanged back to the native currency.Numerous points of investment risks are inherent in abroad investment political risk, local tax inferences and exchange rate risk. Exchange rate risk is particularly significant since the earnings associated with a foreign stock essential then be transformed into U .S. dollars before an investor can spend the shekels. Breaking down risksThe political environment of overseas countries generates portfolio risks be gravel governments and political systems are continuously in change. Naturally this has a very direct influence on economic and business divisions. Political risk is considered a type of disorganised risk united with specific countries, which can be spread away by capitalising in a broad range of countries, effectively accomplished with broad-based overseas mutual assets or exchange-traded assets.Foreign taxation poses another problem. Just as overseas investors with U.S. securities are subject to U.S. government taxes, foreign investors are also taxed on foreign-based securities. Taxes on overseas investments are typically withheld at the source country before an investor can understand any advantages. Returns are then taxed again once the stockholder exiles the funds.Finally, theres currency risk. Variations in the value of currenc ies can directly influence foreign investments, and these fluctuations interrupt the risks of investing in non-U.S. assets. Occasionally these risks work in the firms favour, other times they do not. For example, In the wake of Donald Trump winning the US election, the real 10-year Treasury way out processioned to a 2016 high of 0.74 per cent by mid-December. It has subsequently retreated since to roughly 0.4 per cent, and weighed on the dollar. (Khan, 2017). As Donald Trump won the election, the price of the dollar improved, this generates opportunities for investors, so they can make a profit.Figure 1 Trump victory. (Cox, 2017)By looking at at figure 1, since the Trump election victory, the dollar has increased by 4.46%, from 97.06 to 101.39 over a period of 55 days. The last time it happened, in January 1987, the Dow dropped 11 percent over the next year as the market get goingd one of its worst crashes. The previous occurrence in March 1964 saw the index climb 9.3 percent over 12 calendar months. (Ciolli and Wang, 2017). This political event was one of the crucial days for investors in the currency market, but history suggests that the market might endure a bad crash.Thats one example, the Brexit event is another political example If Britain stops sending money to the EU budget, they lose access to the single market. But they save 350m every week, and they can easily renegotiate a trade deal with the EU for goods, as Britain already complies with the current regulations and there are no tariffs currently. (Cadman and Tetlow, 2016)After the decision to leave the EU, there have been several initial effects caused by Brexit. The FTSE 100 shrugged off a brief post-referendum dip and is in a flash at levels that havent been seen since August 2015. The FTSE 250 suffered an 11.4 per cent fall just after the vote. (Belam, 2016)Figure 2 FTSE 250The other effects of the Brexit vote were on the pound, on 23 June, it was expenditurey $1.50. It is now trading around $1.30, down about 13%. This is the lowest it has been since the mid-1980s. (Belam, 2016) As the pound weakens, international companies with businesses both domestically and outside of the UK make profits this is due to the foreign currency being converted back into sterling.An additional effect of the Brexit was the PMI report submitted by Markits, and it shows that the UK economy is shrinking at a quarterly rate of 0.4%. (Belam, 2016)Services output and new business both fall at the fastest rates since march 2009, and the month-on-month decline in the index in the latest period, at 4.9 points, was the largest observed since the survey began in July 1996. (Martin, 2016) (Belam, 2016)By looking at the initial effects, we can undoubtedly see that the UK economy is suffering cause of the Brexit decision, and is shrinking its economy by a quarterly rate of 0.4%.Potential Returns The long-term returns of the currency market are engrossed in a some days. Javier Estrada of the IE SE Business School showed that over a period of 40 years, missing only the best 10 days would have cost investors about one-half their capital gains, while avoiding the 10 worst days would have led to 2 times the capital gains. (Authers, 2017). This tells the importance of being active and decisive in the currency market, missing a few crucial days can cost dearly. The clue behind this process is making fewer transactions that yield larger individual gains.Thats the long-term returns, the short term return however, is decided in seconds and minutes, quick thinkers and experienced stock investors make the quick decision, deciding whether it is worth investing or not. Looking at political opportunities that can benefit both long term and short term returns, the example of Donald Trump winning the presidential election and Britain invoking article 50 are good examples that explain the impact the political decisions shaped on the currency market. Missing an event like that can cause the investor to lose a lot of capital. In a real scenario that should not happen, as the economists working for the investment firm shouldve predicted a climb up in the dollar matrix due to the election and a drop in sterling after Brexit.Looking ahead to 2017, our experts argue a new investment phase has begun as the yield curve finally turns upwards. Flattened by years of ultra-low interest rates and monetary stimulus, world economies are step by step being weaned off quantitative easing. (Barret, 2017)Recommendations for investorsManaging the risks of investing can be hard, but not if you take certain precautions before the investor makes the investment, such as guardedly considering his investment objectives, the level of experience, and risk appetite. If the investor makes a loss, the investor/firm needs to have enough capital to invest in something else, rather than spending all the assets in one investment.A different way to manage risk is diversification and it is the most im portant component in helping the investor reach a long-range economic goal while diminishing the investors risk. At the same time, diversification is not a bulletproof assurance against a loss. No matter how more than diversification you employ, investing includes taking on some risk.An additional way to manage the risk is hedging, but its not free, and if the investor isnt experienced enough about investing then it could have a really bad input to the investment, but it does reduce the risk of the investment.A question that often confuses investors is how many stocks should be bought in order to reach ideal diversification. According to portfolio theorists, adding about 20 securities to the investors portfolio reduces almost all of the individual security risk involved. This assumes that the investor buys stocks of different proportions from numerous industries.ConclusionThe ratiocination of this essay tells that, investing in forex is full of risk, but there are several ways of limiting the risks. But limiting risks can also pass water more risks, such as using hedging to reduce the risk.ReferencesAuthers, J. (2017). Timing the US market a big challenge for passive investors. online Ft.com. on tap(predicate) at https//www.ft.com/content/090e22ec-fa56-11e6-bd4e-68d53499ed71 Accessed 26 Feb. 2017.Cox, J. (2017). What is going to happen to the dollar under Trump, according to experts and investors. online The Independent. Available at http//www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/donald-trump-dollar-pound-value-what-will-happen-rise-fall-currency-exchange-experts-economists-a7537041.html Accessed 26 Feb. 2017.Belam, M. (2016). One month on, what has been the impact of the Brexit vote so far?. online the Guardian. Available at https//www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/22/one-month-on-what-is-the-impact-of-the-brexit-vote-so-far Accessed 20 Feb. 2017.Martin, W. (2016). Every part of the UK economy is suddenly shrinking. online Business Insider Australia. Available at http//www.businessinsider.com.au/markit-services-pmi-for-the-uk-in-july-2016-8 Accessed 20 Feb. 2016.Cadman, E. and Tetlow, G. (2016). The EU single market How it works and the benefits it offers. online Financial Times. Available at https//www.ft.com/content/1688d0e4-15ef-11e6-b197-a4af20d5575e Accessed 22 Oct. 2016.Cadman, E. and Tetlow, G. (2016). The EU single market How it works and the benefits it offers. online Financial Times. Available at https//www.ft.com/content/1688d0e4-15ef-11e6-b197-a4af20d5575e Accessed 22 Oct. 2016.Ciolli, M. and Wang, M. (2017). Trump Is on the Verge of His Own Bull Market. online Bloomberg.com. Available at https//www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-24/trump-at-brink-of-his-own-bull-market-as-dow-flirts-with-history Accessed 28 Feb. 2017.Khan, M. (2017). US 10-year treasury yields enjoy biggest monthly jump since 2009. online Ft.com. Available at https//www.ft.com/content/157e9c79-c708-3527-963d-58d918165261 Accessed 28 Feb. 2017. Barret, C. (2017). Where should I invest in 2017?. online Ft.com. Available at https//www.ft.com/content/df00d4da-c117-11e6-9bca-2b93a6856354 Accessed 28 Feb. 2017.

Role of the Human Resource Manager

Role of the gentlemans gentleman Resource ManagerExecutive SummaryThe following repute has discussed close the persona of Mr. John Edwards, Human resource manager of Reliance Communication Ltd. The report decoctes on the responsibilities and complexity of a person who is performing the role of a human resource manager. Interaction of Mr. Edwards as a human resource manager with some other departments of the organization and with slew egressside the department is likewise discussed. The report begins with introduction to human resource guidance and highlights its importance in every business. Introduction is followed by a brief summary of the company. The report provides an analysis of the role of Mr. Edwards, what his priorities ar and what he should do to be more effective in his job. The report is concluded with key points discussed in the report and is followed by references.IntroductionThe focus of Human Resource Management (HRM) is on managing people within the employ er-employee relationship. It involves the productive use of people in achieving the organizations strategic business objectives and the satisfaction of individual employee involve (Stone, 2008). The competitive advantage for organizations in the old economy centered on the financial capital and technology, the emerging economy has shifted its emphasis on investment in human capital, knowledge and the commitment of the employees. The focus in the business world has shifted from physical assets to knowledge and information capital. The effective management of human capital poses vernal challenges in the organisation for leadership and managerial capabilities.The human resource function has gone from the traditional hire and fire role to a strategic collaborator with finance, operations and other business departments that are not centers of profit for the organization. The job of HR, as is the job of all such departments, is to tally that the business gets the most out of its empl oyees. In another words, the human resource management needs to provide a high return on the businesss investment in its people. This makes it a passing complex function (Cascio, 1998). The following discussion is all about that is discussed above. Discussion depart surround around involvement of Mr. Edwards in the company and how he is develop assets for his company.Company ProfileReliance dialogues (formerly Reliance Infocomm), along with Reliance Telecom and Flag Telecom, is part of Reliance Communications Ventures (RCoVL). It is an Indian telecommunications company. Reliance Communications is a leader in telecommunications products and consultancy, a privately owned company with over 20 years of service to the business community, and with a reputation for integrity, first-rate implementation and support. Anil Dhirubhai Ambani controls 66.77 per cent of the company, which accounts for more than 1.36 billion shares. It is the flagship company of the Reliance-Anil Dhirubhai A mbani Group, Reliance Energy, Reliance Capital and telecom initiatives of the Reliance ADAG (Company profile).Role of HR ManagerStaffing find function of Mr. Edwards is to fulfill staffing needs of the company and it can be done in variety of ways, whether to use independent contractors or hire employees to fill these needs. It takes typeset in two three steps. First step is to identify the requirements of the company and what kind of requirements is being demanded. Second step is to determine the number of people and the skills amalgamate necessary to do the work. Final step is to recruit and select the people best suited for the job and then to train them to fit and work efficiently in the organization.Retentionone of his critical roles in todays environment must be to help handgrip, develop and touch off the good people with scarce skills. This, of course, elbow room knowing who they are and making sure that sufficient time and attention is spent with them. He makes sure t hat employees are rewarded for performing their jobs effectively, so as to keep them motivated. To make them comfortable he ensures that harmonious relations are maintained between the employees and the company and to maintain a safe and healthy work environment.Managing diversenessThe constant evaluation of the effectiveness of the organization results in the need for the HR manager to frequently manage change. both knowledge about and the ability to come successful change strategies make him exceptionally valued. He acts as a change agent, serving as a catalyst for change within the organization. He has achieved this by developing problem solving communication and influence skills. He Advise managers on organizational policy matters such as equal profession opportunity and sexual harassment, and recommend needed changes. Employee Advocate He acts as an advocate to every employee working in his company, to makes them aware of every information they require. It is his job to pro vide current and prospective employees with information about policies, job duties, working conditions, wages, and opportunities for promotion and employee benefits. Serve as a link between management and employees by handling questions, and administering contracts and helping resolve work-related problems interpreting. Analyze cultivation needs to design employee development, language training and health and safety programs (Dolezalek, 2008). Development is a function in which his objective is to preserve and enhance employee competence in their jobs through improving their knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics.Other functionsAnalyze and modify compensation and benefits policies to establish competitive programs and ensure compliance with legal requirements. Plan and conduct new employee orientation to foster positive attitude toward organizational objectives. Maintain records and compile statistical reports concerning personnel-related info such as hires, trans fers, performance appraisals and absenteeism rates. Analyze statistical data and reports to identify and determine causes of personnel problems and develop recommendations for improvement of organizations personnel policies and practices. Plan, organize, direct, control or coordinate the personnel, training, or labor relations activities of an organization. Conduct exit interviews to identify reasons for employee termination (Hofstede, 1980).Responsibilities of Mr. J. EdwardsTasks What he Do What he Doesnt Do Skills Required Skills not Required Provide bright guidance, perspective, and support to enable managers and supervisors to make appropriate pay decisions Yes Communicate programs and guide melodys to help managers and supervisors understand all aspects of the compensation program Yes Identify, collect, and analyze external market data in order to ensure alignment Yes Maintain the competitiveness of the staff compensation structure by reviewing the market trends annually an d, when appropriate, making adjustments to the structure to fall market pay levels Yes Evaluate and determine appropriate job family, level, title, exempt/non-exempt classification and salary range for each new position and for each request for reclassification Yes Hiring, supervising, training, monitoring and firing of staff. Yes Maintain performance management tools for each staff position on campus Yes Ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations Yes Effective communication Yes respectable behaviour Yes Persuasiveness and the ability to influence others. Yes Strategic thinking and critical/analytical thinking Yes Organizational skills YesInterdependenciesHuman resource manager works with different types of people and groups within and outside the organisations. Without interacting with these groups he wont be able to do achieve his goals with efficiency. Thus he is very much interdependent on these groups to bring the best out of him and the people his is su pervising. Following chart shows the various departments he is related to= outside organisation= within organisationTop management HR manager links the employee with the company. If there is demand made by the employees such as change in pay structure, working conditions or adjudicate disputes between them, he gets in touch with the management and tries to resolve the issue as soon as possible. In return reach management sets the guidelines and objectives which are to be followed by the employees. He makes sure that if there is any change in the guidelines for the employees, they are implemented. Sales department sales department of Reliance communication is very big and have different branches. There are sales people who manage the sales process and there are others who complete the sale. Both the branches require people with different skills. Sales department will inform the HR manger about their requirements for personnel and it is the responsibility of Mr. Edwards to fulfill it on time. He may do it by directly recruiting people or if it is an emergency, he may approach any recruiting agency to meet his requirements.Production DepartmentHe maintains a constant touch with the production manager and provides him with staff that is required to fulfill the department. In this case it is his duty to guide employees of workplace safety and other safety measures.Marketing DepartmentMr. Edwards play a very important role when dealing with the marketing department. He not only recruits people for them hardly also discusses the need of skills that are feasible for promoting the company and accordingly sets out the criterion for selection.Accounts departmenthe prepares an estimated budget, which will be required for the purpose of hiring and training new employees. In return he hires people for the accounts department when required.There are few interactions which are similar with every department. He takes initiative to motivate employees in every department and makes sure that he is in constant touch with employees who are facing any problems or having any issues while working. He sets up programs at regular basis to interact with employees of every department to know their problems and inform them if there are any changes required by the top management (Mujteba, 2006).Recruiting agencieshe contacts these agencies when there is an urgent need to employ people and it is not viable to go through the process of recruitment because of its time consume feature. He will inform them with his requirements and in return they will provide with people of required skills.ConclusionThe role of the HR manager must pair the needs of his or her changing organization. Successful organizations are becoming more adaptive, resilient, quick to change direction and customer-centered. Within this environment, the HR manager, who is considered necessary by line managers, is a strategic partner, an employee sponsor or advocate and a change mentor. According to Dickson (1998), most important function of HR manager is to provide a support system to its employees it can be emotional or physical. In todays organizations, to guarantee their viability and ability to contribute, HR managers need to think of themselves as strategic partners. In this role, the HR person contributes to the development of and the accomplishment of the organization-wide business plan and objectives. The HR manager contributes to the organization by constantly assessing the effectiveness of the HR function. He also sponsors change in other departments and in work practices. To promote the overall success of his organization, he champions the identification of the organizational mission, vision, values, goals and action plans. Finally, he helps determine the measures that will tell his organization how well it is succeeding in all of this. Managing people is one of the most difficult aspects of organizational management it means dealing with people who differ physicall y and psychologically (Mendenhall, 2007).References Stone, R. J., (2008). Human Resource Management, 6th edition. Pg. 3. John Wiley publication. Dickson, R. (1998). Huaman Resource Management 2. Retrieved from http//www2.prestel.co.uk/rossticle/essays.htm, retrieved on 12th August, 2009. Company Profile. Retrieved from www.reliancecommunications.com. Retrieved on 12 August, 2009. Cascio, W. F. (1998). Managing Human Resources. Pg 46. Irwin McGraw Hill. Hofstede, G. (1980). Cultures consequences International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA Sage Publications. Mendenhall, Mark E. Oddou, Gary R. and Stahl, Gunter K. (2007). Readings and Cases is International Human Resource Management 4th ed. Routledge Publishers, Taylor Francis Books. Mujtaba, B. G. (2006). Cross Cultural Change Management. Llumina Press, Tamarac, Florida. Dolezalek, H. (2008). Good personal credit line Training, 45(6), pp. 32-34.

Timeline :: essays research papers

TIMELINETimeline by Michael Crichton, was a very exciting book about time travel and what the Dark Ages were like. Timeline also taught about the fundamentals of quantum physics that would make it possible to achieve such a spectacular feat. Be prepared as you read this book to leap into the horrible, dangerous would of the socio-economic class 1387.Timeline started out with a group of scientists/archaeologists digging at an ancient castle site. This site was in a French valley with deuce main castles, Castelgard and La Roque, a monastery, and a mill. This was the site that ITC, a quantum research facility, picked to go back into time to research. Through quantum physics, ITC was able to make a machine that sent objects and plenty to a parallel universe that was different from this genius. This was the basis of the whole story. Professor Johnston, the leader of the digging group, got curious as to how ITC knew more about the site than he did. Robert Doniger, the owner of ITC, de cided that he would show the professor how they knew so much about the site. While the professor was back in time, he wandered out into the unmannerly field and got trapped inside the medieval world by the Dordogne River. Doniger then got the brilliant idea of sending back some of the other archaeologists to try and beat Professor Johnston because they would know the spots where he would most likely be. The group of four, Andre Marek, Chris Hughes, Kate Erickson, and David Stern flew to the New Mexico site to find the professor. During the pre-tests to see it they were physically capable of going back through the machine, David Stern decided that he was not going to go because he did not trust the machines. The five of them, the three other archaeologists, and the two guides went back to the Dordogne valley in 1387. Right off the bat when they got there, a group of knights saw the futuristic people and chopped off the head of one guide and shot the other guide full of arrows. Tha t left the archaeologists on their own to find the professor. Right away they were astonished by how the castles looked and by how tranquility it was. Facing many problems, they soon found out who the professor was in the medieval world and found him. This was a time of war, however, which presented many difficulties in getting out, not to mention the fact that the machines had broken back home and the ITC crew did not think that the shields would hold up.