Automobile Industry and Information Technology Essay

Automobile Industry and Information Technology - Essay Example Technology has been a part of automobiles, in one form or another, for quite some time now. In the 1960s and 1970s the typical 'backyard mechanic' could invariably be found tinkering on his pride and joy - his car. Whether it has brand new, or a collector's item, the fact was that just about anyone with any mechanical aptitude at all and a set of wrenches could do any number of standard repair jobs on a vehicle back then. But, times have certainly changed - and it happened before we even knew it. Where once, you could open a car hood and identify just about everything under there, today, you might just as well be looking at components of the space shuttle. It started small enough - a computer brain to control some of the car's basic functions. However, to even attempt to perform any repairs on a modern vehicle, practically requires a degree from MIT. Of course, technology has surpassed merely the practical applications to improve performance. The sagging automobile industry has also been turning to the field of information technology to find ways to improve sales. ... With so much competition, foreign and domestic, the consumer has more choices today than ever before - and they know it. A customer will not simply purchase the first thing they see, but will compare and contrast makes and models - as well as features and accessories. Not only do consumers want options on their vehicle, they are also demanding options in ways to make the purchase. Enter information technology. 1.1.2 Entering the auto industry's second century, there are clearly powerful signs of change that could foretell the next dominant production standard. At the core of many of these changes is the Internet, which is already transforming how information is used and how coordination is managed in this most complex of industries. According to Holweg and Pil, in a book published by MIT Press in 2004, E-business offers tremendous potential for reducing waste and inefficiency, redistributing activities along the value chain, and providing new means for collaboration. These benefits will become evident in product development, procurement, manufacturing, and distribution separately, but the greatest impact will result from end-to-end integration of the value chain, from the final customer back to initial product planning. Consumer desires for customization will challenge the industry's long-established push approach to distribution and sales. As expectations are raised by information technol ogy experiences in other parts of their lives, e-powered consumers will be drawn towards build-to-order models where they play a co-design role and production is pulled by real-time information about their preferences (MIT Press 2004). 1.1.3 For both the manufacturer and the dealer, this opportunity is substantial. By better

Jack Nicklaus biography and he's impact on society Essay

Jack Nicklaus biography and he's impact on society - Essay Example The Introduction of tournaments like Jack Nicklaus International invitation has motivated golf lovers with different skill levels to participate and to enhance the popularity of the game. Nicklaus himself was the most dominant personality among the golfers of his generation who has taken efforts to bring the sport of golf to the forefront. Jack Nicklaus-The golf legend Jack Nicklaus was born in Ohio on 21st of January 1962 and he started playing gold at the age of ten and even at this stage he showed immense talent and the rise of a promising player was in progress even from his childhood. The world witnessed an irresistible growth of Nicklaus over the finest golf players like Arnold palmer, Lee Trevino, Johnny Miller and Tom Watson in the next three decades. Nicklaus had eighteen professional and two armature wins in his golf career along with nineteen second and nine third place finishes. He has been ranked among the top ten players in 73 majors which constitute almost half of the successive majors he participated. Only five golf players in the world hold the record to win all the four major titles and Nicklaus became successful in obtaining this glorious achievement (Mackintosh 163). It is better to have a look in to the achievements of Jack’s golf career in order to get a clear picture of his extra ordinary talent as a golf player. He won six masters title in 1963, 1965, 1966 1972, 1975 and 1986, five PGA Championships in1963, 1971, 1973, 1975 and 1980, three British Opens in 1966, 1970 and 1978, and four U S Opens in 1962, 1967, 1972 and 1980. These tournaments are considered to be the key ones of professional golf. Nicklaus is the only one to hold the record for three time wins of all these four major tournaments. The list of his victories is pretty long and apart from the major tournament victories he won seventy one PGA Tours and achieved fifty eight second and thirty six third places. He also won five World Series of Golf titles, six numbers of Australian Opens, six Rider Cup appearances and many more victories around the world. Jack Grout discovered the abilities of Nicklaus for the first time and he took Nicklaus to the Scioto Country Club in Columbus his performance was very well appreciated by Senead, the defending champion of that period. Bobby Johns a legendary golf player of the era had made comment on the talent of the fifteen year old Nicklaus as â€Å"he plays a game with which I am totally unfamiliar,† which shows the expectations that golfers had regarding the future of Nicklaus (Mackintosh 164). The determination and a genuine desire to strive towards perfection always prompted Jack Nicklaus to look introspectively and question whether â€Å"he was making the proper adjustments to correct his swing technique during rounds when his play was inconsistent† (Shaw 86). It was this dedication, sincerity and hard work that made him an unchallenged champion in golf. Nicklaus turned professional after his victory in the 1961 U S Armature championship. In the year 1962, Nicklaus won U S Open title which was the first achievement in his professional golf career and in 1963 he won the Masters title and became the first ever golfer to achieve a

Different Approaches In Child Psychotherapy Children And Young People Essay

Different Approaches In Child Psychotherapy Children And Young People Essay In this paper, after a summary of explanations of why child psychotherapy is important in 0 to 3 years of age group, some different psychotherapy approaches will be introduced. The paper will be focus on psychoanalytic / psychodynamic models; however, other approaches will be described. Every approach will be examined in theoretical and practical aspects. Introduction The very beginning years of human life attracts the attention of researchers in recent years. Especially in the period of 0-3 years of age, brain development is very fast and also the basis of the characteristic features is discarded. Through the psychotherapy practices with adult patients, the importance of early childhood times on mental health began to understand more. Today we know that early childhood experiences have power to affect rest of ones life in physical, emotional, cognitive or social areas (Movder, Rubinson Yasik, 2009). Therefore, in the early years of childhood, therapeutic interventions are quite valuable to minimize the risk factors of future problems. The main goal of this paper is to make a summary about different approaches in early childhood psychotherapies. Although there are hundreds of different therapy techniques in the literature, this paper will only focus on some of the technique which use in 0- to 3-year-old-children. Psychotherapy in 0- to 3-year-old-children: from past to present The therapeutic work with children had begun with the case of Little Hans who had been analyzed by Freud (1909). Hans was five years old when Freud started to treat him. On the other hand, a two and three-quarters-year-old patient Rita, was treated by Klein (1960). This was the first case study in 0 to 3 years of age group. At the beginning of the therapeutic work with children, it was known the effect of the psychoanalytic ideas. Later, child psychologists, who work with different schools, developed different approaches and different techniques. Some of them were non-directive and took the child to the center. Others were directive and focused on parent-child relationship. In this paper, I will focus to psychoanalytic / psychodynamic theory based approaches. And then, I will shortly mention some other approaches. Psychoanalytic Play Therapy This therapy approach is based on Freuds classic psychoanalytic thoughts. Anna Freud (1946 as cited in Astramovich, 1999) and Melanie Klein (1960) established the framework of this therapy technique. They stayed loyal to the some of the basic concepts of psychoanalysis such as unconscious materials and defense mechanisms. But still there were some differences between them. According to Klein (1960), children play purely symbolic games. In this regard, childs play is similar to free association in adults and must be analyzed and interpreted by the therapist. Klein stated that even little children have insight capacity; therefore she found it important to interpreting the child. In her view, interpreting the unconscious symbols and metaphors will help the child to understand his or her real feelings. So that the anxiety level of the child will decrease. She also mentioned about the transference process in children. When she began to treat her two and three-quarters-year-old patient Rita, she was going her home and playing with her toys in her room. But then, she thought that this process may not let the transference occur, and consequently she proposed to analyze child in consulting room, not in the childs house. (Klein, 1960) Anna Freud (1946) thought different from Klein in some matters. She brings two main objections to Kleins methodology. Firstly she mentioned about the issue of free association. According to Freud, childs play cannot think as a version of free association in adults. She believed that a childs play is not always symbolic; it could be a replaying of real events. She also thought different in transference process. In terms of her point of view, the childs interest to the therapist can be seen as an affectionate attachment rather than transference (Freud, 1946). According to Astramovich (1999) toys and childs play are tools to get unconscious material. The therapist tries to make the unconscious processes conscious, and to gains insight into the child. Therefore, the therapist should be empathic and encourage the child to develop a transference relationship. The main goal of this technique is to foster the awareness of wishes and conflicts; and help to children to improve tolerance to their own feelings. Child-Centered Play Therapy (CCPT) CCPT was developed by Virginia Axline (1947) who was student of Carl Rogers. This approach based on Rogerian view. Axline gave place to some of the basic concepts of humanistic theory such as unconditional positive regard, genuineness and empathic understanding. Although Axline herself did not work with the 0 to 3 years of age group, CCPT is used for this period. In a study (Frick-Helms, 1997) 2.8 year old child was treated with this approach. According to Axline (1947) this is a child-led, nondirective approach. It has two main purposes: to help for change and to increase the self-determination of the child. There are no diagnostic interviews before the treatment. Past is past and the child will tell his or her story when the time comes. Therefore, CCPT therapist does not focus to interpreting the child. In play room, the child is free to do what he or she want. The therapist follows the child; accommodates childs steps and not try to lead to the child or not hurry up to solve the problems. The therapist must be vigilant and tender to the childs requirements. Acceptance and understanding of the child is crucial. When the child realizes that he or she accepted by the therapist, it increases the self confidence of the child. (Axline, 1947) CCPT also focuses the recognition of the childs real self. Moustakas (1959 as cited in Astramovich, 1999) mentioned that the lack of recognition of the real self shows negative effect on children and thus, children can not reveal their potentials. The therapists task is to help the child for realization his or her own real self. This process will bring emotional insight to the child. Jungian Analytic Play Therapy This approach is based on Carl Gustav Jungs theoretical view about human psychology. Jung (1954 as cited in Robson, 2010) believed that we all have two types of unconscious: personal and collective. And both of them have archetypes which contain ideas, images, voices and etc. In his point of view, the therapist should provide a reliable environment to the child for playing and revealing the unconscious material. Then the therapist interprets the play and that gives a chance to therapist to promote the child through a healing process (Robson, 2010). There is not enough information about the practice of this approach with 0 to 3 years of age group. However, I can mention about a kind of Jungian sandtray therapy technique called as sandplay therapy which is suitable for every age period. I will touch on this subject later in sandtray therapy chapter. Psychoanalytic Parent Infant Psychotherapy The foundations of this approach come from psychoanalytic theory. It is a version of psychoanalytic play therapy for 0 to 2 years of age period. Therefore, some changes are made. According to Baradon (2005) one of the changes is the position of parents in the therapy process. Unlike classical psychoanalytic view, parents have crucial position in this approach. The therapist tries to support parents to enable better relation with the infant, to enable emotional regulation of both themselves and their infants. Also this approach more focused on the infants to support their development. Positive attachment behaviors, babys coherent sense of self, potential developmental risks, separation and individuation process are worked with parents and infants together. (Baradon, 2005) Baradon also mentioned that, in this approach, the relationship between parents and their infants is seen as patient. The therapist tries to establish a laborsaving environment for the therapy and leans on the relationship. Transference and counter-transference processes; defense mechanisms and resistance are taken into consideration by the therapist. The therapist also procures guidance to parents about the care of the baby. Other important features of this method are assessment and observation of the infant. Psychoanalytic Parent Infant Psychotherapy may use in group settings. It also should be noted that each session is videotaping in this approach. (Baradon, 2005) Filial Therapy (FT) This approach was developed by Drs. Bernard and Louise Guerney in the late 1950s. According to Drewes (2009) FT is a kind of multi theoretical psychoeducational approach which exploits other approaches such as family therapy, play therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. In this technique, the therapist teaches and guides parents as they learn how to play their children. FT is suitable for children 2-12 years of age. It is also useful in group settings. Individual parent sessions generally continue between 15 to 20 one-hour sessions. And group sessions meet for two hours between 10 to 20 weeks. Drewes also mentioned that FT practice begins with an intake session. Then the therapist observes the family while they are playing together. This observation process takes about 20 minutes. Right after the observation, the therapist talks with parents about the play and tell them the FT method. Then the therapist plays with the child in a non-directive way in order to teach to parents how to play. Meanwhile, parents watch the therapist. Towards the end of the session the therapist and parents discuss about the childs play. The therapist listens to parents empathically and answers their questions (Drewes, 2009). When the training period starts, the therapist trains to parents about playing skills. Parents learn four basic skills: structuring the play, empathic listening, child-centered imaginary play and limit-setting skill. Later, the therapist acts like a child and parents play with the therapist. Parents are encouraged to show what they learn about the play. The therapist gives them feedbacks. After that, parents play with their own children with the supervision of the therapist. Finally, towards the end of the treatment, parents practice the play in the home settings. (Drewes, 2009). Theraplay (Attachment-Enhancing Play Therapy) Theraplay is a short-term therapy approach which is based on attachment theory (Booth Jernberg, 2010). It is appropriate to children from eighteen months to twelve years. The core aim of this approach is to improve a safe, compatible, playful relationship between a child and his or her parents. According to Booth Jernberg (2010) the treatment plan of theraplay practice is generally for eighteen to twenty-four sessions. Every treatment plan includes; assessment, treatment and checkup phases. In assessment phase, the childs behaviors and the parents attitudes are assessed by the therapist. In the first treatment phase there can be one or two therapists. If there are two therapists, while one of the therapists is playing with the child; the other one, the interpreting therapist, works with parents. In the beginning of the treatment parents do not join to play sessions. They watch their child from two-way viewing mirror with the interpreting therapist or they watch from videotape after the session (if there are not two therapists). The interpreting therapist talks about the rationale of the theraplay, the problem areas of the child, wishes, concerns and expectations with parents. In the second treatment phase, after observing process, parents play with the child in theraplay r oom. In this phase, four basic skills are taught to parents: structuring, challenging, intruding and/or nurturing. After a termination session, the checkups phase comes. Checkup sessions are made quarterly in first year and annual thereafter. (Booth Jernberg, 2010) Watch, Wait and Wonder (WWW) / Infant-Parent Psychotherapy (IPP) I will introduce these two approaches as together because both of them were developed by same team at the Hincks-Dellcrest Childrens Mental Health Centre (Toronto, Canada). WWW and IPP are effective on infants and based on psychodynamic principles such as unconscious, transference, countertransference and potential space ( Tuters, Doulis Yabsley, 2011). Also these concepts are considered in conjunction with the attachment theory. One of these two approaches is WWW. First W tells to parents watch the play of the infant! What is the infant doing? Second W tells to parents wait the infants play. Dont hurry! Let the infant take to lead in the play! And third W tells to parents wonder about the infants play. What is the infant trying to tell you? The infants play is seen as potential space between the infant and the parent ( Tuters et al., 2011). There are two basic principles of WWW. To accept the leadership of the infant in the play and to accept that the play has a symbolic meaning. Every WWW session has two parts. In first part, the infant plays and the parents are asked to play with the infant on the floor. In play, leadership must be in the infant and the parents should follow the child. In second part the play and the thoughts and feelings of parents are discussed with the therapist. Infant-Parent Psychotherapy (IPP) approach is similar to WWW. Their basic principles are same, but there are some little differences between them. In IPP, in order to show the effect of parents unresolved past issues, the therapist is more active in play. And also countertransference process is more considered in IPP (Tuters et al., 2011). The Developmental, Individual-Differences, Relationship-Based (DIR) Approach This approach was developed by Stanley Greenspan and it provides a multi-dimensional system in order to assess and support of infants and children with different developmental characteristics (Greenspan Wider, 2006). It is especially effective for children who have autism spectrum disorder, down syndrome, learning disorders and developmental disorders. However, DIR approach is suitable to define the childs and familys features. According to Greenspan (2006) the D expresses developmental levels. It gives an idea about that question: Where is the child in developmental continuum? The I expresses individual differences. It emphasizes biologically based capacities such as auditory processing, motor planning and etc. And the I expresses relationship. It calls attention to the relationship between the child and the parents. DIR approach benefits from floortime, which is a kind of play technique, so as to practice the model. Floortime is performed with little children on the floor. Taking into account the childrens individual differences, floortime supports their developmental levels relationship skills. (Greenspan Wider, 2006) Interactional Guidance This approach was developed by Dr. Susan McDonough so as to understand mother-infant relationship through the interactive play experience. It aims to consolidate the relationship between infant and the mother and to increase the mothers enjoyment from interactions with the infant (Balbernie, 1998). Core concepts of this approach are therapeutic alliance and strengths of the family. According to Balbernie (1998) the model focuses on strength features of the family system and tries to consolidate them. The mothers past is not analyzed. Transference dynamics are considered but there is no fully interpretation. Treatment phase contains 5-12 sessions. Videotape is used in this approach. Ecosystemic Play Therapy (EPT) This approach was developed by OConnor who emphasizes the importance of the childrens whole ecosystem. According to OConnor (1997) EPT is a multi theoretical approach. It is not based on only one perspective. The main aim of the EPT is to promote the childs abilities in order to cope with their needs. The basic role of an EPT therapist is to replace the core beliefs of the child with a functioning way. And also, the therapist tries to make the system to be more responsive to the requirements of the child. (OConnor, 1997) Caregiver-Toddler Play Therapy This approach deals with disturbed relationship between the caregiver and the toddler. According to Schaefer Kelly-Zion (2008), the main goal is to improve this disturbed relationship with the play. There are three constituent in this approach. First, the therapist establishes a simultaneous relationship with the toddler and the caregiver. Second, the therapist is able to speak for the child and that supports the communication between the toddler and the caregiver. And third, the therapist guides to caregiver for teaching relational skills. In the beginning treatment, the therapist is very active, but then the caregiver is expected to be more active. (Schaefer Kelly-Zion, 2008) Sandplay Therapy It is a Jungian version of Sandtray Therapy which is developed Dr. Margaret Lowenfield. A Jungian therapist, Dora Kaff, adapted Sandtray Therapy to a Jungian perspective and she called this new version as Sandplay Therapy. According to Zhou (2009) this is an expressive therapy which is appropriate for all ages. This approach helps to emerge nonverbalized emotions. In this technique, children play with sand, water and little miniatures. The symbols in the play reflect personal and collective unconscious and with the help of the therapist the ego of the child is restructured (Zhou, 2009). Conclusion If we consider human life such as a building; 0 to 3 years period correspond to foundation of it. And if this foundation is not strong enough; this building encounters with the risk of falling down. Today, although preventive approaches has already started to gain importance, in some cases, more serious interventions are needed. Child psychotherapies in 0 to 3 years of age group meet this need. The main goal of this paper was to mention different psychotherapeutic approaches which use in 0 to 3 years of age group. It is impossible to mention all approaches therefore I have tried to describe most known and most effective approaches. However, psychotherapy world is not static, in time, different new approaches will emerge.

Essay --

Diabetes mellitus is one of the common diseases of the hormonal system. Diabetes is a disease caused by a number of factors such as due to complete or partial loss of insulin production or complete or partial loss of its action or both. Whatever the type of diabetes, the main feature of all types of diabetes is elevated level of blood glucose termed as hyperglycemia. A disease forming alterations in capillary’s basement membrane thickening, elevation of matrix of vessel wall and proliferation cell leading to the vascular complications such as narrowing of the lumen, and early atherosclerosis. Diabetes is found to be related with the elevated generation of atherosclerosis that affects the arteries involve in the circulation to the heart, brain and lower extremities. As well as diabetic myocardial disease, is one of the complications of diabetes. Diabetes founds to affect about 100 million people all over the world. The conditions of diabetes leading to the introduction and gene ration of microvascular disorder that is results by the destruction of the small blood vessels and macrovascular disorders that results by the destruction of arteries. In diabetic patient the major reason of inability and death is the vascular disease mainly atherosclerosis. Diabetes elevates the risk of generating coronary, cerebrovascular and peripheral disease. The alteration in the endothelial wall, vascular smooth muscles and functionally active platelets all lead to the pathophysiology progressing to vascular disease. The key factors that are the risk factor for the pathogenesis of vascular complication are elevated blood glucose levels, glucose intolerance, elevated lipid profile and hypertension. Deliberating various long term and threatening diabetic... ...vel also found elevated in the diabetic individuals as compare to the non diabetic individuals. All platelet indices like PLT, PCT, MPV and PDW are associated with the determination of platelet activity, in which elevated MPV and PDW has been documented as main a factor that is associated with the complications of thromboembolic. In previous study elevated MPV and PDW has been found with very poor control of glyceamic index. In previous study it is documented that elevated levels of MPV, PDW, and CRP in diabetic female as compare to the male with diabetes, developing thromboembolic complications. Positive relation in between glyceamic index controlling determining factors (FBG and HbA1c) and the indices of platelets (MPV, PDW) demonstrates that HbA1c and platelets indices can be used as alternate indicator for the diagnosis of diabetic complications in early state.

Critical Review of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal 1932-1940 by William E. Leuchtenburg.

Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal 1932-1940. by William E. Leuchtenburg. Harper & Row, 1963. The Great Depression created a political landscape in the United States that demanded bold action, calling forth people ready and willing to challenge the conventional establishment and allowing them to thrive. Franklin Delano Roosevelt is the prime example of how adversity creates a forging ground were dynamic individuals shape history. In his book Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Leuchtenburg meticulously describes how Roosevelt changed American during his first two terms and cast some light on why he was the one to succeed in holding the great responsibility of steering the country through the depression without blind praise or unjustified criticism. The author, William E. Leuchtenburg, was born in the early 1920s, therefore was old enough to remember the atmosphere in which the New Deal was happening, though not from the standpoint of an adult, giving him the edge of knowing the actual feel of the era over a younger historian. This may also account for his admiration of Roosevelt, as he often expresses in his book Roosevelt was widely popular amongst a majority of Americans at the time. He has written several books mainly centered around Roosevelt and became a distinguished professor of history at the University of North Carolina. He has also served as President of the American Historical Association. There is no doubt that he is very qualified to write a book on the subject of Roosevelt and even though he obviously is a great admirer of the President, he never shies away from pointing out Roosevelt’s flaws. Leuchtenburg begins by setting the stage that brought Roosevelt into power by describing the Great Depression and how the Hoover administration handled it, not completely negatively stating â€Å"no president ever worked harder in the White House than Herbert Hoover. † Here he first describes Roosevelt with a brief history and leads into how he became President, describing his energy and charisma as key factors. It becomes evident that Leuchtenburg painstakingly presents rounded historical facts to eliminate the chances of a biased presentation and continues to do so through out the book, often leaving a quarter of a page of footnotes. The third chapter is were Roosevelt’s presidency begins. Leuchtenburg describes â€Å"The Hundred Days† were the new president rushed to try to turn the country around with a flood of new legislation and bold acquisition of executive power. He does a good job at pointing out how some legislation, such as the emergency banking bill, passed with little opposition and how other legislation was shaped by opposition or, in the case of the NRA, was generated to curb legislation Roosevelt didn’t favor. Successes and failures are pointed out proportionally and the reasons behind the fate of much of the Roosevelt administrations actions is often speculated on in a well informed and unbiased manner. After much about legislation and policy Leuchtenburg moves to describing those who would challenge Roosevelt and how they shaped Roosevelt’s policies. The introduction of new conflicts here seemed to add a renewed sense of urgency to the book which, along with the extravagance and extremist views of characters such as Hugh Long, managed to renew the pace of the reading. The book goes on to describe interest of lower classes such as laborers and migrant farmers and how Roosevelt was pulled more to the left for what is known as â€Å"The Second Hundred Days† and of course describes the process of securing reelection. Social Security is addressed in a surprisingly negative manner, â€Å"In many respects, the law was an astonishingly inept and conservative piece of legislation† he goes on explaining â€Å"by relying on regressive taxation and withdrawing vast sums to build up reserves, the act did untold economic mischief. † This provides both a prime example of his unbiased approach to the subject and his tendency to ensure no statement goes unexplained. This is broken up by a chapter on foreign policy and continued with Roosevelt’s struggles with the Supreme Court and an increasingly dissident congress before leading up to what would become World War 2 and concludes by outlining what Leuchtenburg believes to be the important points of the New Deal. To begin with, the book takes on a pretty heavy load, and does so in a thorough manner. This leads it into being pretty dense, it is definitely dense enough to through off anyone who is not a serious history student from reading it cover to cover. Leuchtenburg definitely did his best to get all he could into one book, which is a good thing from a research point of view, but makes it unwieldy for a casual reader. There are times I could have done with less information, thankfully I had notes on hand while reading to supplement the book or else I would have become lost in the barrage being tossed out at the thickest sections. This is amplified by the fact the book sometimes goes quite a few degrees of separation from its core subject, or could be more accurately titled â€Å"Roosevelt 1932-1940†. This is evident in chapter 9, which is centered more on the politics of foreign policy, and not just in ways that had a direct effect on New Deal policies. I feel if the book were trimmed down a little more it would make it a lot more accessible, thus justifying the narrower scope. In addition, this would provide more room to hammer in the more relevant subjects with brief overviews so readers such as myself without an in-depth prior knowledge of the New Deal could better understand its intricacies without going back between chapters after these breaks in subject. However, he does his best to make the book flow, especially by keeping it in chronological order for the most part. He mainly departs from this structure when he is explaining policies and events which are usually better explained grouped together, such as foreign policy. Assuming Leuchtenburg did not have a casual reading audience in mind when he wrote the book, its weightiness s not a major downfall. Also, Leuchtenburg does put forth a great deal of effort to provide balanced information. He says himself that â€Å"the New Deal left many problems un solved and even created some perplexing new ones. † It is common for him to follow up a list of success with a list of flaws, or vice-versa. I think he does such a good job at this because he keeps things in a historical perspective. For example, while it is easy to criticize Roosevelt’s initial shying away from government spending or break from the gold standard now, back when there was little precedent for these actions these must have seemed much more radical. This shows a thorough knowledge of the limitations of our government that extremist often ignore. By using an objective view his argument that Roosevelt was ultimately successful despite his downfalls is a thousand times more convincing than a biased pro-Roosevelt outlook would have been. On the other hand, this creates a calm, collected view through out the book which is not as invigorating as more sensational works and fails to incite as strong an emotional response . While not necessarily a negative as far as historical accuracy, it takes away from the books ability to provide enjoyment making it easier to put down. Overall, I believe Leuchtenburg did a good job at explaining such a large, intricate subject without it either reading like an unending encyclopedia of events or skeletal time line, he expresses his opinion in a unobtrusive fashion that maintains historical accuracy and balance and avoids sensationalism, and even though its not flashy it does its job. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal is a very informative book that provides a convincing argument that Roosevelt and the New Deal were a positive turning point in American history. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal 1932-1940. by William E. Leuchtenburg. Harper & Row, 1963. (13) Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal 1932-1940. by William E. Leuchtenburg. Harper & Row, 1963. (132) Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal 1932-1940. by William E. Leuchtenburg. Harper & Row, 1963. (346)

Nutrition and Health Worksheet Essay

Use Ch. 1 of Contemporary Nutrition, Ch. 2 of Visualizing Nutrition, supplemental course materials, the University Library, the Internet, or other resources to answer the following questions. Your response to each question should be 75 to 100 words. 1.What is nutrition? Why is nutrition essential to our daily lives? Nutrition is the science that links foods to health and disease. It includes the processes by which the human organisms ingest, digest, absorbs, transports, and excretes food substances. 2.What is the connection between nutrition and health? 3.What are the six classes of nutrients? What are essential nutrients? What are the sources of nutrients? What do nutrients do? 4.How do vitamins and minerals work? 5.What does it mean to eat a balanced diet? Why is food choice important for good nutrition? 6.What is undernutrition? What is overnutrition? 7.Why is physical activity important as it relates to nutrition and health? 8.Where might you find dietary recommendations? What are the recommended dietary allowances (RDA)? What are dietary reference intakes (DRIs)? 9.The United States Department of Agriculture created a diagram titled MyPlate. What is this diagram? Why should someone study this diagram? 10.What are some tools for diet planning? 11.What is the calorie intake calculator? What factors does this calculator take into account? 12.What are some dangers associated with dieting? 13.What is the best way to lose weight? Explain your answer and provide at least one source, formatted consistent with APA guidelines, to support your answer. Reference 14.How does exercise influence body weight? 15.Consider your personal dietary habits. What are some modifications you might make to promote good health? 16.How does today’s society affect our nutritional habits?

20 Controversial Topics for Research Paper on White Collar Crime

20 Controversial Topics for Research Paper on White Collar Crime Writing a research paper on any topic is a daunting task and it becomes more so when you have to create your own topic from the subject matter provided by your teacher as well as set the creative direction of the paper. Therefore, this article was written to provide direction on choosing research topics on white collar crime. Also the sample essay below should serve as your manual or tutorial guide on developing a selected topic in such a way that ensures your paper turns out well structured, coherent and rewards you the best mark for your effort. Todays guide will contain a couple of things which include: 20 topics on white collar crime and its effects on society that you can use for your own paper, and a sample essay on how to structure the contents of your chosen topic: Crimes of Privilege: White Collar Crime and the 1 Percent Corporate Crime, Law and Social Control Drawing Parallels between Corporate Crime and Organized Crime Corporate Crime and the Criminal Liabilities of Corporate Entities White Collar Crime and the Major Financial Debacles in the United States Corporate Crime and Its Role in Economic Depressions Pursuing Accountability: How Prosecutors Should Punish White Collar Crime Offenders Corporate Crime and Sentencing in the United States Economics and Organized Crime: Challenges for Criminal Justice Impact of Corporate Crime on Developing Capital Markets The Sociological Origins of White Collar Crime Sentencing Disparities between White Collar Crimes and Street Crimes Gender and the Part it Plays in White Collar Crimes The Global implications of White Collar Crimes Exploring White Collar Crimes and its Causes Analyzing White Collar Crimes in Wall Street Trusted Criminals: White Collar Crime in Contemporary Society The Social Acceptability of White Collar Crime in the United States The Governments Role in White Collar Crime The Department of Justices culpability in White Collar Crimes So here are the 20 topics we believe should inspire and get you started on developing your custom research paper on corporate crime. These topics which are obviously controversial in nature have enough information that can be found online or in your local library, to make developing them relatively easy. To back them up, as always we’ve also prepared 10 facts on white collar crime for a research essay as well as our guide on how to write one step by step. As stated earlier, a sample paper which should serve as a template for anyone planning to write about white collar crimes will be provided in this guide. The topic to be explored and used in this sample research paper has been picked from the above list and it is, Sentencing Disparities between White Collar Crimes and Street Crimes. Sample Research Paper: Sentencing Disparities between White Collar Crimes and Street Crimes To clarify the sentencing issues that arise, it is important to first understand the distinction between white collar crime and street crime according to the United States Department of Justice system. According to Edwin Sutherland, a prominent 1939 criminologist, white collar crimes or corporate crimes are financially motivated nonviolent crimes committed by business and government professionals. Street crimes on the other hand, are criminal offences that occur in public places and perpetrated for quick financial gain. In both situations, the underlying cause for perpetrating criminal activities is financial gain although the means of erring against the law may vary. According to the FBI, in white collar crimes perpetrators make use of deceit, concealment and violation of trust to accomplish the crime while perpetrators of street crime employ violence, threats and the inspiration of fear for financial gain. Although both cases the white collar and street crimes are driven by financial gain, statistics from the Department of Justice show that while perpetrators of white collar crimes make up approximately 3% of arrests and street crimes make up for 70% of arrests in the United States, the sentencing proportion is highly skewed in the favor of white collar crimes. Statistics from the Federal Bureau of Prisons show that only 0.3% of those incarcerated were involved in white collar crimes while 93.7% of incarcerations were due to street crimes. Further analysis of the United States Sentencing Commission (USSC) guidelines show a pattern of less severe sentencing pattern for white collar crimes, namely perpetrators of financial fraud such as insider trading simply receiving fines, community service or in more severe cases suspended jail time. In contrast, perpetrators of non-violent street crimes do not evade prison and are pushed to serve a prison sentence. Jet Rakoff, a federal senior judge of Southern New York were Wall Street crimes had occurred, termed the Federal sentencing guides as too simplistic, leading to no incarceration of high-level executives charged with corporate crime. Various reasons have been given for these sentencing disparities and they include: the non-violent nature of corporate crimes, the lack of adequate media coverage and conspiracy theories on the power and reach of high level executives.   In terms of non-violence, the widely accepted belief that corporate crime is non-violent has been disproven due to the high number of suicides and work related accidents that occur as a byproduct of financial recklessness and the 2015 USSC guidelines has finally taken this into consideration. The media has been accused of hypocrisy in its coverage of corporate crime on the diverse channels of news dispersion platforms available to them. This is in part due to securing their best interest, for most news outlets are owned or part-owned by big corporations. An example was the lack of media coverage on JPMorgan Chases criminal securities fraud case   were Jamie Dimon,   its CEO,   paid approximately $9 billion to evade scrutiny. Encouragingly, steps have been taken to ensure that perpetrators of white collar crimes pay for their actions as can be seen from the 2015 USSC guidelines which encourage increased sentences for individuals involved in cases of large scale fraud. The 9 years prison sentence given to Matthew Martoma for insider trading while working at SAC Capital Advisors has created a precedence for longer jail terms and it could serve as a deterrence to others. References: Russel, M. (2008). Soft on Crime. http://multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1995/05/mm0595_09.html Wikipedia: The Savings and Loan Crisis. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis Rebekah, D. (2011). US White Collar Crime Policy too Soft. US white-collar crime policy too soft Gale Research. (2008). Crime, Prisons and Jails. encyclopedia.com/topic/white-collar_crime.aspx Nicel, A. (2013). When the Gender Gap is a Good Thing: Women and Corporate Crime. huffingtonpost.ca/leah-eichler/women-and-corporate-crime_b_3985784.html FBI National Press Office. (2002). The Measurement of White Collar Crime Using Uniform Crime Reporting Data. https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/white-collar-crime-study Understanding White Collar Crime: Definitions, Extents and Consequences. sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/43839_2.pdf

9 Different Minerals Used as Abrasives

9 Different Minerals Used as Abrasives Abrasives today are largely precision-manufactured substances, but natural mineral abrasives are often still used. A good abrasive mineral is not just hard, but  also tough and sharp. It must be plentiful or at least widespread and pure. Not many minerals share all these attributes,  so the list of abrasive minerals is short but interesting.   Sanding Abrasives   Sanding was originally done with (surprise!) sand fine-grained quartz. Quartz sand is hard enough for woodworking (Mohs hardness 7), but its not very tough or sharp. The virtue of sand sandpaper is its cheapness. Fine woodworkers do occasionally use flint sandpaper or glass paper.  Flint, a form of chert,  is a rock made of microcrystalline quartz. Its no harder than quartz but its tougher so its sharp edges last longer. Garnet paper is still widely available. The garnet mineral almandine is harder than quartz (Mohs 7.5), but its real virtue is its sharpness, giving it cutting power without scratching wood too deeply. Corundum  is the workhorse abrasive of sandpaper.  Extremely hard (Mohs 9) and sharp, corundum is also usefully brittle, breaking into sharp fragments that keep on cutting. Its great for wood, metal, paint, and plastic. All sanding products today use artificial corundum aluminum oxide. If you find an old stash of emery cloth or paper, it probably uses the real mineral. Emery is a natural mix of fine-grained corundum and magnetite. Polishing Abrasives   Three natural abrasives are commonly used for polishing and cleaning  metal:  enamel finishes, plastic, and tile. Pumice is a stone, not a mineral, a volcanic product with a very fine grain. Its hardest mineral is quartz, so it has a gentler action than sanding abrasives. Softer still is feldspar (Mohs 6), which is most famously used in the Bon Ami brand household cleaner. For the most delicate polishing and cleaning work, such as with  jewelry and fine crafts, the gold standard is tripoli, also called rottenstone. Tripoli is microscopic, microcrystalline quartz mined from beds of decomposed limestone. Sandblasting and Waterjet Cutting Applications of these industrial processes range from scrubbing rust off of steel girders to inscribing gravestones, and a wide range of blasting abrasives is in use today. Sand is one, of course, but airborne dust from crystalline silica is a health hazard. Safer alternatives include garnet, olivine (Mohs 6.5) and staurolite (Mohs 7.5). Which to choose depends on many factors other than mineralogical considerations, including cost, availability, the material being worked, and the experience of the worker. Many artificial abrasives are in use in these applications, too, as well as in  exotic things like ground walnut shells and solid carbon dioxide. Diamond Grit The hardest mineral of all is diamond (Mohs 10), and diamond abrasive is a large part of the world diamond market. Diamond paste is available in many grades for sharpening hand tools, and you can even buy nail files impregnated with diamond grit for the ultimate grooming aid. Diamond is best suited for cutting and grinding tools, however, and the drilling industry uses lots of diamond for drill bits. The material used is worthless as jewelry, being black or included - full of inclusions - or too fine-grained. This grade of diamond is called bort. Diatomaceous Earth The powdery substance composed of the microscopic shells of diatoms is known as diatomaceous earth or DE. Diatoms are a kind of algae that form exquisite skeletons of amorphous  silica.  DE is not abrasive to humans, metals, or anything else in our everyday world, but at the microscopic scale, its very damaging to insects. The broken edges of crushed diatom shells scratch holes in their hard outer skins, causing their internal fluids to dry out. Its safe enough to strew in the garden or to mix with food, such as stored grain, to prevent infestations. When they arent calling it diatomite, geologists have another name for DE, borrowed from German: kieselguhr.

Advantage of Social Networks in Business-Free-Samples for Students

Social network sites have become popular marketing tools for the marketers towards promoting the brand value of an organization to the customers (Leonardi, Huysman and Steinfield 2013). This study will discuss the existing literature regarding the impact of social media sites on the business performance. Moreover, this literature review will specifically use food and beverage industry for demonstrating the impact of social network sites on business performance. The study will focus on both the advantage and disadvantage of social network sites on the food and beverage industry. The scope of the literature review is to explore the business opportunities through the usage of social network sites. The literature review can also provide ample information regarding the advantage and disadvantage of social network sites on business performance. Moreover, from this literature review, it is also possible to know the better way of using social network sites in business. Social networking is an online platform, which people mostly use for building social relation or social network with other people. Most of these people use similar career interest, personal interest, backgrounds, activities and real-life connection. According to Luo and Zhong (2015), social networking is the usage of internet-based social media program for making connection with family, friends, classmates, clients and customers. Moreover, social networks are used both for social purpose and business purpose through the sites like Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, Instagram, Google+, YouTube and Pinterest. As per Okazaki and Taylor (2013), marketers use social networking sites towards enhancing brand recognition and brand loyalty. Such networking sites make an organization more accessible to the new customers and more recognizable to the existing customers. On the other hand, Laroche, Habibi and Richard (2013) opined that social networking sites assist in promoting brand’s content and voice. Therefore, it helps in better communication of brand value from one customer to other through social networking sites. According to Gensler et al. (2013), customers may compliment the company offerings and encourage the other customers towards purchasing the products or service. Furthermore, markers can get wide customer base to reach at through the social networking sites, which can in turn enhance the customer base. Apart from that, customers can also get proper customer feedback of any particular product through these social networking sites. Such feedback leads an organization towards mo difying the products as per customer preferences, which can lead to high level of competitive advantage and increasing sales. Food and Beverage industry is Australia is facing tough competition in today’s competitive business environment. In such situation, organizations need increasing business communication with the customers for promoting the brand value. According to Nielsen and Schrà ¸der (2014), customers, who are in the same social network, are more likely to share important organizational offerings, product image and features among their friend groups. In this way, the food and beverage sectors communicate their brand value through the customers. On the other hand, Hajli (2014) opined that customers can also share their opinion regarding a particular product through social media networks. Moreover, they can also share their objections regarding any particular products and suggest any recommendation over the products as per their preferences. Such options enhance customer value through gaining valuable customer insights and considering their suggestion over product improvement. In this way, s ocial networks can be used for building warm and long lasting relationship with the customers. As per Maier et al. (2015), organizations can also use social media monitoring for gaining key information regarding the competitors. It can help organizations to add unique features to their products or services for gaining competitive edge and enhanced customer loyalty. While considering the example of Dick Smith Foods, it can be seen that the organization perfectly uses social networking sites for adding competitive edge in their business model. Moreover, they check the information of their competitors through social networking sites and incorporates unique blend of ingredients to their foods for gaining competitive advantage (Lin, Fan and Chau 2014). On the other hand, Park and Kim (2014) opined that the food and service sectors significantly use social networking sites for reaching the business content to the customers within shortest possible time. Considering all these positive impacts, all types of businesses in Australia ranging from small to medium sized organizations have started extensive usage of these sites to their business.   Figure 1: Proportion of Social Media Usage in Australian Businesses Over the past few decades, the way of shopping of the people has been changed and improved considerably. They are now more inclined to search for product or service information through social media sites before initiating purchasing action. Social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram enable the users towards maintaining great connection among themselves and others. According to Leftheriotis and Giannakos (2014), such customers are more likely to share attractive information regarding their favourite products with the customers through these social network sites. Customers are more likely to trust on such information shared by their closed friends. Therefore, such shared information encourages the customers towards purchasing the products. Recently, most of the people are inclined towards online shopping. They usually do have much time to physically present in the shop and search for information towards purchasing the products. Leonardi (2014) pointed out that social networking sites provide them the opportunities to search for product information by sitting at their home.   In this way, they can take immediate purchasing decisions by searching online information about the products. Furthermore, the positive product comments on the social networking sites create good impression about a particular product on consumer mind. Therefore, such positive product comments immediately encourage and motivate the customers towards purchasing a particular product. Social networking sites expose an organization to the new customers and enhance the recognition of brand value to the existing customers. Such sites enhance the effectiveness of word of mouth for the products through one customer recommending their favourite product to others. In this way, social networking sites increase the brand exposure of an organization to wide customer base. According to Ashley and Tuten (2015), high quality contents of the advertisement posted on social networking sites integrate the targeted keywords of the organization. Social networking sites direct people to the company website and enhance the search ranking. Moreover, such sites also enhance the customer referrals, which actually increase the total volume of customer base. Social networking sites can generate huge amount of data regarding the customers in real time. Moreover, Habibi, Laroche and Richard (2014) stated that organizations can gather huge customer information regarding their brand preference, dislikes and suggestion. In this daily active engagement and social listening effectively gather relevant customer data and use that information in making smarter business decisions.   Social networking sites allow the customers sharing their feedbacks over a particular product or service. Moreover, Kim and Park (2013) opined that customers can even share their objections regarding the products and service experience and get better modified product or service for better customer service. In this way, better customer service leads to successful business through having long term satisfied customers. Apart from getting feedback over a particular product or service, organizations can also get effective suggestions from the customers through social networking sites for the betterment of the products. In this way, organizations can get new business opportunities through the suggestions provided by the customers on the social network sites. Social networking sites can help in better analysis of competitive edge of the competitors. In this way, the organization can target the customers of the competitor companies through adding some unique features to the products (Nielsen and Schrà ¸der 2014). It helps organizations in gaining competitive advantage over the rivals and increasing overall sales volume. It takes only 30 minutes to build any social media account. However, managing social media account on day-to-day basis is an extremely time consuming activity. Moreover, Okazaki and Taylor (2013) opined that organization has to set aside time and resources for posting product information, interacting with customers and giving them right feedback. All these things need adequate amount of valuable time of the organization, which could have been used by other means towards enhancing organizational productivity. Positive experience shared by the customers on social network sites can encourage other customers to purchase a particular product. However, if a customer faces any bad experience with a particular product, he/she may be compelled to share his/her bad experience over social network sites. As per Luo and Zhong (2015), the business owners are to properly handle such negative comments on the social network sites or otherwise, it can ruin the reputation of an organization in the market. Social network sites can also open an organization towards legal risks. Moreover, legal obligations can be raised for false advertising or potential leaking of confidential information on the networks. In the year 2011, Australian court had fines an organization for their comments on Facebook page, which was considered as misleading (Hajli 2014).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of social media platforms can be free, but it has some hidden cost associated with it. Effective social media usage requires posting regular updates on the selected platforms. It requires employing effective personnel having comprehensive knowledge about the medium, ability to write attractive and high quality content for the page and adequate time to research, planning and publishing the post on the networks (Ashley and Tuten 2015). Therefore, social networking sites add some hidden cost to the business, which enhances the overall business expenditure. Organizations need not to use each and every social media platform for promoting their brand value. Moreover, they should choose specific social media platform, which can add to the growth of the business. Moreover, the organizations can also set specific key performance indicators for the growth of business through a specific social media platform. Moreover, the organizations should use highly attractive product information in the content of the social media platform. It will attract both new and existing customers towards the products and services. Furthermore, organizations should effectively and promptly handle the negative comment on the social network sites (Maier et al. 2015). The customer should positively answer the customers and try to resolve their issues immediately before it leads to customer dissatisfaction. In this way, the organizations can protect their business reputation from getting hampered by negative comments. This literature review has some literature gaps associated with it. It was not possible to apply accurate theories and models due to time and budget constraints. Moreover, the literature review has lack of critical analysis and penetration, which can negatively affect the summary of the literature review. Moreover, it was also quite difficult to gather adequate information regarding the topic of the research, which can hamper the quality of the final research outcome. Furthermore, the information collected from the secondary sources can also be manipulative in nature, which can reduce the accuracy level of the research outcome. In this way, the lack of authenticity of the literature review can hamper the ultimate quality of the research outcome. While concluding the study, it can be said that social networking sites enhances the brand promotion of an organization. Over the years, several small, middle and large scale food and beverage organizations have started to use social median platform for getting high level of business growth. Such networks enhance business communication through positive word-of-mouth advertisement. On the other hand, social networks get better customer insights and opinions, which can be aligned with the business model for gaining high level of business competiveness over the rivals. On the hand, social network sites can also have some disadvantages on the business. Moreover, negative comment on the social network sites can ruin the business reputation of organizations. Ashley, C. and Tuten, T., 2015. Creative strategies in social media marketing: An exploratory study of branded social content and consumer engagement.  Psychology & Marketing,  32(1), pp.15-27. Gensler, S., Và ¶lckner, F., Liu-Thompkins, Y. and Wiertz, C., 2013. Managing brands in the social media environment.  Journal of Interactive Marketing,  27(4), pp.242-256. Habibi, M.R., Laroche, M. and Richard, M.O., 2014. The roles of brand community and community engagement in building brand trust on social media.  Computers in Human Behavior,  37, pp.152-161. Hajli, M.N., 2014. A study of the impact of social media on consumers.  International Journal of Market Research,  56(3), pp.387-404. Hajli, M.N., 2014. The role of social support on relationship quality and social commerce.  Technological Forecasting and Social Change,  87, pp.17-27. Kim, S. and Park, H., 2013. Effects of various characteristics of social commerce (s-commerce) on consumers’ trust and trust performance.  International Journal of Information Management ,  33(2), pp.318-332. Laroche, M., Habibi, M.R. and Richard, M.O., 2013. To be or not to be in social media: How brand loyalty is affected by social media?.  International Journal of Information Management,  33(1), pp.76-82. Leftheriotis, I. and Giannakos, M.N., 2014. Using social media for work: Losing your time or improving your work?.  Computers in Human Behavior,  31, pp.134-142. Leonardi, P.M., 2014. Social media, knowledge sharing, and innovation: Toward a theory of communication visibility.  Information systems research,  25(4), pp.796-816. Leonardi, P.M., Huysman, M. and Steinfield, C., 2013. Enterprise social media: Definition, history, and prospects for the study of social technologies in organizations.  Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication,  19(1), pp.1-19. Lin, H., Fan, W. and Chau, P.Y., 2014. Determinants of users’ continuance of social networking sites: A self-regulation perspective.  Information & Management ,  51(5), pp.595-603. Luo, Q. and Zhong, D., 2015. Using social network analysis to explain communication characteristics of travel-related electronic word-of-mouth on social networking sites.  Tourism Management ,  46, pp.274-282. Maier, C., Laumer, S., Eckhardt, A. and Weitzel, T., 2015. Giving too much social support: social overload on social networking sites.  European Journal of Information Systems,  24(5), pp.447-464. Nielsen, R.K. and Schrà ¸der, K.C., 2014. The relative importance of social media for accessing, finding, and engaging with news: an eight-country cross-media comparison.  Digital journalism,  2(4), pp.472-489. Okazaki, S. and Taylor, C.R., 2013. Social media and international advertising: theoretical challenges and future directions.  International marketing review,  30(1), pp.56-71. Park, H. and Kim, Y.K., 2014. The role of social network websites in the consumer–brand relationship.  Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,  21(4), pp.460-467.

De young museum ( San Francisco ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

De young museum ( San Francisco ) - Essay Example When the building was initially constructed, there were lacking tools and equipment that could be used for construction. The museum is an amalgamation of past and present designs and architectural excellence. This paper contains description of the museum’s construction and relevant details. De Young Museum (San Francisco) The M.H De Young memorial museum is the complete name of a fine arts museum situated in San Francisco but it is commonly known and called â€Å"De Young Museum†. This museum is located in the famous golden gate park of San Francisco. Initially the museum was housed in a fine arts building having the Egyptian style structure. The old museum occupied the area of approximately 1, 40000 square feet where as the new building occupies the area of about 292,000 square feet. De young museum was founded in 1895 and since then it is the hub of the cultural fabric of the city of San Francisco. Fine arts museum was an outgrowth of an exposition that took place in San Francisco in 1894. Different sorts of construction material were used to construct a splendid building of all times. Copper, wood, steel and glass were so beautifully used to merge the outlook of museum with surroundings of golden Green Park. Effort was made to complement the old hazardous building of the museum. Italian porphyry stone is used on the lobby floor of the museum. Fabric ceilings and wood flooring were used for designing the interior. The building was decorated with the images of hathor, commonly known as cow goddess. Museum was badly damaged by the earthquake in 1906 and it was closed for public. Concrete ornaments and large quantity of steel was used in museum’s construction (M.H. De Young Memorial Museum, et al. 184). De young memorial museum is great specimen of construction, engineering and architecture. Construction of such a building in those times without use of modern machinery was only possible by labor force and use of skills by the construction co mpanies. M. H. de Young Memorial Museum (Old Building) The M.H De Young memorial museum is the complete name of a fine arts museum situated in San Francisco but it is commonly known and called â€Å"De Young Museum†. The museum is the result of California midwinter international exhibition held in 1894. After the exhibition the museum was first opened for the public in 1895. The midwinter fair used to operate from January to July during that era. The exhibition of 1894 was held in the same golden gate park where the museum is situated now. De young was editor and proprietor of the San Francisco chronicle. The San Francisco exhibition was the idea of De young that resulted in the construction of great fine arts museum at golden gate park (M.H. De Young Memorial Museum 64). The M. H. De Young Memorial Museum in 1895 Since then the museum faced natural disinters and renovation of the museum is still a continuous process. The earthquake of 1906 badly damaged the fine arts buildin g and after words the building was demolished and reopened in 1929 in a Spanish style structure. The building was again declared a hazard as the ornaments decorated in the building began to fall in 1949. In 1972, De young fine arts museum was created as a separate entity. The museum aging faced a devastating earthquake in 1989 and building was again demolished and once again constructed at the same place in 2005. Since then

Management must strive for efficiency & effectiveness throughout Essay - 2

Management must strive for efficiency & effectiveness throughout organisation. Discuss, relating to strategic and operational theories and concepts covered within the lecture notes of this course - Essay Example re the intrinsic management attributes that are linked with efficiency and effectiveness that is rampant in any organization in the time and age of today. The same are discussed in line with the strategic and operational theories and concepts that have been studied thus far. Strategic basis of the management regimes indicate that an organization is more than willing to think long term, and hence devise ways and means through which success would be envisioned for the sake of the business concern. The operational theories and concepts are also important to discern and later on comprehend because embody the basis of success for an organization in the long run. The manner in which the external environment plays a definitive role as well as the building up of the strategic. Similarly managing the marketing mix is pivotal towards resolving the management related problems on a proactive basis. The same is necessary because it helps solve quite a few issues which basically mar the basis of an organization in the long run (Sims 2002). Efficiency and effectiveness within an organization is achieved through hard work and consistency that is related with the different processes, activities and tasks. The strategy development process could either be an intended one within an organization or it could comprise of an emergent form. Both have challenges and implications which are related with the strategic drift, the learning organizational basis, the uncertain and complex conditions and the overall management of the strategy development processes. The strategic management is therefore a combination of the external environment and the strategic capability that holds the strategic choices like business level strategies, the corporate and international level strategies and the development directions and methodologies (Ruhli 1993). The external environment similarly is related with the building up of the strategic capabilities. This means that the internal level analysis holds

Training across Borders in Mozambique Research Paper - 1

Training across Borders in Mozambique - Research Paper Example The Erasmus – concentrates on the teaching and learning requirementss of all those in formal higher education including student placements across nations in projects providing and facilitating such education and training; then there is the Leonardo Da Vinci program. The Leonardo Da Vinci program addresses the teaching and learning needs of all those in vocational educational training; considerably, the program’s core objectives are to support those in training to acquire and implement knowledge, skills and qualifications to facilitate personal growth, employability and participation in the European labor market, improve quality and innovation, and lastly, enhance the attractiveness of vocational education, training and mobility (FMER 2013). The program also pursues operation aims that seek to develop and strengthen; mobility in education and that of a series of training sessions, attention span, innovative practices and their transfer between countries, language learning, innovative ICT based content and cooperation between different factors. Significantly, the program also supports actions like partnerships focusing on themes of mutual interest and multilateral projects aimed at enhancing the training systems through relocation and development of good practice in order to adapt to national needs (Move on Net 2013). Moreover, the Leonardo Da Vinci is also up to per with thematic networks of experts and organizations working on particular aspects that are in relational to the vocational education and training, and the dissimilar accompanying measures related to the same. The fourth program of the Lifelong Learning program is the Grundtvig program that is geared to all players in adult education where all its topics are addressed in learning partnerships as the multilateral projects develop innovations for adult education.

The Boeing Aircraft Company - Managerial Economics Essay

The Boeing Aircraft Company - Managerial Economics - Essay Example Today, in order to break even, an jet aircraft manufacturing firm needs to sell 350 units of the aircraft to recover its development and production costs and thus break even. Because of such tremendous amount of fixed capital requirements, experts believe that the world can support at most only 3 manufacturers. However, as the first entrants in the industry, both Boeing and Airbus get a lock on the economies of scale and discouraged subsequent entry of other competitors. Back in the 1990s it was estimated that the world demand would be something in the scale of 1500 aircraft of the 300-seater type over a period of 10 years from 1995 to 2005, so that if the firm had to sell 50 aircraft average per year or 500 over this period just to obtain a reasonable return on its investment. At the beginning, Boeing had to step in the shoes de Havilland Comet in the 1950s, when that aircraft company had frequent accidents. Boeing took over and compiled a good safety record although it was not the first entrant in the industry. Boeing built on its advantages and obtained US government support for its research and development program. Boeing, located in Washington, U.S.A., is the worlds largest manufacturer of commercial jet aircraft, and today controls nearly two-thirds of the worlds market, down from its former positional advantage of a 2:1 dominance.. It is recalled that as part of a strategic industrial strategy, the US government provided substantial research and development grants to Boeing in its early years, specifically in the 1950s and the 1960s, to help the domestic firm compete in the emerging market for jet passenger planes in Boeings favor. After recently merging with McDonnell-Douglas the company has diversified more intensively its production of aircrafts and related products for military use. The government has no longer found it necessary to provide significant

The relation between globalisation and the hospitality industry Essay

The relation between globalisation and the hospitality industry - Essay Example This has ensured that business activities are carried out without the limitation of boundaries between nations since numerous currencies are utilised while people travel across the world while coping up with varied political and social systems that are present in different societies. Hospitality, on the other hand, is a service based industry that integrates hotel, tourism, tour and airline industries. Unlike products where the impression attracts potential clients the hospitality industry is based on the service or experience that clients get after experiencing service the level of satisfaction is the one that will influence whether to come for the same service or not. Globalisation and tourism have integrated to a large extent especially in the 21st century as a need for business firms to venture into international markets has increased (Go and Pine, 2005). Globalisation is all about integrating the economic aspects of an industry. For instance, in the hospitality industry it has experienced massive changes that are aimed at positioning the industry to cater for the global market rather than the local or regional markets, which most establishments are meant for. The hospitality industry is fundamentally dependent on tourism be it domestic or international; thus, the players in the hospitality industry are competing with each other to market their countries as the best holiday destination whereby they can experience cutting edge hospitality that is offered by their firms. This has led to hotels partnering with airlines and local tour companies to provide all-inclusive packages for their clients to experience all services under a single package; thus, making it more lucrative and attractive for the clients to be enticed by the deals. That notwithstanding, branding of hotels and lodges has been a significant trend over the years, it is evident that some brands have an international

Training across Borders in Mozambique Research Paper - 1

Training across Borders in Mozambique - Research Paper Example The Erasmus – concentrates on the teaching and learning requirementss of all those in formal higher education including student placements across nations in projects providing and facilitating such education and training; then there is the Leonardo Da Vinci program. The Leonardo Da Vinci program addresses the teaching and learning needs of all those in vocational educational training; considerably, the program’s core objectives are to support those in training to acquire and implement knowledge, skills and qualifications to facilitate personal growth, employability and participation in the European labor market, improve quality and innovation, and lastly, enhance the attractiveness of vocational education, training and mobility (FMER 2013). The program also pursues operation aims that seek to develop and strengthen; mobility in education and that of a series of training sessions, attention span, innovative practices and their transfer between countries, language learning, innovative ICT based content and cooperation between different factors. Significantly, the program also supports actions like partnerships focusing on themes of mutual interest and multilateral projects aimed at enhancing the training systems through relocation and development of good practice in order to adapt to national needs (Move on Net 2013). Moreover, the Leonardo Da Vinci is also up to per with thematic networks of experts and organizations working on particular aspects that are in relational to the vocational education and training, and the dissimilar accompanying measures related to the same. The fourth program of the Lifelong Learning program is the Grundtvig program that is geared to all players in adult education where all its topics are addressed in learning partnerships as the multilateral projects develop innovations for adult education.

The relation between globalisation and the hospitality industry Essay

The relation between globalisation and the hospitality industry - Essay Example This has ensured that business activities are carried out without the limitation of boundaries between nations since numerous currencies are utilised while people travel across the world while coping up with varied political and social systems that are present in different societies. Hospitality, on the other hand, is a service based industry that integrates hotel, tourism, tour and airline industries. Unlike products where the impression attracts potential clients the hospitality industry is based on the service or experience that clients get after experiencing service the level of satisfaction is the one that will influence whether to come for the same service or not. Globalisation and tourism have integrated to a large extent especially in the 21st century as a need for business firms to venture into international markets has increased (Go and Pine, 2005). Globalisation is all about integrating the economic aspects of an industry. For instance, in the hospitality industry it has experienced massive changes that are aimed at positioning the industry to cater for the global market rather than the local or regional markets, which most establishments are meant for. The hospitality industry is fundamentally dependent on tourism be it domestic or international; thus, the players in the hospitality industry are competing with each other to market their countries as the best holiday destination whereby they can experience cutting edge hospitality that is offered by their firms. This has led to hotels partnering with airlines and local tour companies to provide all-inclusive packages for their clients to experience all services under a single package; thus, making it more lucrative and attractive for the clients to be enticed by the deals. That notwithstanding, branding of hotels and lodges has been a significant trend over the years, it is evident that some brands have an international

Info About Dengue Essay Example for Free

Info About Dengue Essay Humans are the major hosts of the dengue virus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes represent the principal vector .A aegypti is closely associated with human habitation and its larvae are often found in artificial water containers such as discarded tires, buckets and water storage facilities. Dengue is a mosquito borne disease that has recently become a public health concern. The WHO has estimated that 40% of the world’s population is at risk of getting dengue and there are currently 50 million dengue infections worldwide every year. Despite its high economic costs, dengue is often neglected in the face of more severe diseases. It is found in urban and semi-urban areas (WHO, 2002). Fact Sheet: Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. (2002). 2010, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/ Dengue has the threat potential to put large numbers of a country’s most productive population out of work for weeks which makes it an extremely costly disease. In order to stop that, we have these three variables playing a vital role to some extent. Income: Gallup and Sachs (2001) showed that countries with intensive malaria had significantly lower incomes levels (dependant variable) than those without (Gallup Sachs 2001). The period they analysed was 1965 to 1990. Their approach is hence replicated below for the dengue case to parse the effects of dengue on income levels. Awareness: Any vector control policy however needs to be reinforced with an effective community engagement effort. This includes a strategic public education and community involvement program to spread awareness about dengue amongst the population. This awareness about disease could include media advertising, and outreach to community groups, schools and other social organizations. Report of the expert panel on dengue [monograph on the internet]. (2005).). Singapore: Singapore Ministry of Health. Access to Hospitals: The total economic cost of dengue however far exceeds the simple costs of vector control. Direct patient, hospitalization, mortality and morbidity costs, along with opportunity costs of time and productivity losses due to illness also need to be considered.

Pathophysiology of Coronary Diseases

Pathophysiology of Coronary Diseases Describe the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (what is it / signs symptoms / treatments / outcomes desired. Coronary Artery disease (CAD) occurs when fatty plaques are built up in arteries and harden with age. This is known as Artherosclerosis which results in a decreased amount of blood being delivered to the heart and increased difficulty for the arteries to dilate (Lewis, 2014). The heart then shifts from an aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism due to the resulting oxygen deprivation from the vessels not being able to keep up with the increased demand for oxygen (Lewis, 2014). Lactic acid then accumulates and leads to acidosis, decreased energy, decreased contraction strength and also decreased force (Lewis, 2014). This chain of events means that less blood leaves the heart which can then lead to myocardial infarction (MI) (Lewis, 2014). Gender Signs and Symptoms Male Crushing Squeezing Tightness in neck, chest, or shoulder blade CAD is highest among white, middle aged men! Female Jaw, neck, back, and shoulder pain Shortness of breath Vague chest pain Dizziness Palpations Cold sweats Nausea May be more difficult to identify! Treatment Options: Some examples of medications: Nitrates: Reduce the amount of oxygen that the heart uses. Lipid Lowering Drugs: Inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver which unexplainably increases hepatic LDL receptors. The liver is then able to remove more LDLs from the blood. Simvastatin (Zocor) Niacin (Niaspan) Gemfibrozil (Lopid) Beta Adrenergic Blockers: Reduce oxygen demands and workload by reducing heart rate and blood flow peripheral resistance (Lewis, 2014). Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Result in vasodilation and reduced blood volume. These drugs also reverse or prevent ventricular remodeling (Lewis, 2014). Anti-Platelet Drugs: Reduce platelet accumulation and decrease the risk for a blockage to develop in blood vessels. Surgical: Laser angioplasty Coronary artery bypass Shunt placement Expected Outcomes: Increase in cardiac output Reduction of blood pressure Improving quality of life Reduction of chest pain Describe the pathophysiology of hypertension. (What is it / signs symptoms / treatments / outcomes desired / lifestyle changes needed. Hypertension Primary Hypertension Elevated blood pressure (BP) without an identified etiology (Lewis, 2014). Contributing Factors (Lewis, 2014) Increase sympathetic nervous system activity Overproduction of sodium retaining hormones and substances that cause vasoconstriction Increased sodium intake Obesity Diabetes Tobacco use Excessive alcohol consumption Pathophysiology of Primary Hypertension: Increased cardiac output (CO) or Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) increases. This happens due to abnormalities of any of the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of normal BP (Lewis, 2014). The release of renin or angiotensin II causes the blood vessels to increase which consequentially increases blood volume. Signs and Symptoms of Primary Hypertension BP >140/90 on two separate occasions Nausea Headache, typically throbbing and occurring in the morning. Vision problems Treatment Includes lifestyle modifications including: Stress reduction Diet Exercise Limit alcohol intake Tobacco cessation Relaxation techniques Secondary Hypertension Elevated BP with a specific cause that can be corrected Pathophysiology of Secondary Hypertension: Increase in blood volume is due to a specific disease or illness. Signs and symptoms of Secondary Hypertension: Stroke Heart Failure MI Retinopathy Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Treatment Treating the underlying cause Both types of Hypertension can be treated with medications such as: Thiazide diuretics ACE inhibitors Beta adrenergic blockers Although these are some signs listed in our text there are really no definite signs or symptoms because a patient cannot tell if their blood pressure is consistently high just by the way they feel. The damages listed above happen because there are no signs a person can feel on their own to warn them of their hypertension (Lewis, 2014). Describe the pathophysiology of left sided heart failure / CHF (what is it / signs symptoms / treatments / outcomes desired / lifestyle changes needed. Left sided heart failure is due to the left ventricle ineffectively contracting. This causes a decrease in CO and pulmonary edema. These occur because the heart is not pumping effectively causing fluid to build up in the left atrium as well as the lungs (Lewis, 2014). Signs and Symptoms Crackles heard in the lungs Frothy pink sputum ↓ Attention span Ventricular gallop Difficulty breathing Muscle weakness Edema Fatigue Weight gain Irritability Treatment Options Lifestyle Modifications ↓ Sodium intake ↓ risk for fluid overload Ace Inhibitors ↓ vascular resistance Diuretics ↓ Preload Advise patient to eat foods high in potassium or consume a potassium supplement to replace fluids lost Digoxin ↑ Heart’s ability to contract Beta-Blockers Prevent cardiac remodeling (Lewis, 2014) Create an Education plan for a low sodium diet. (What specifically would you teach this patient about this diet)? Include foods high in sodium / foods to avoid. Please have a detailed plan that you can use to teach a patient. The plan should have at least 2 patient outcomes listed. You need to bring the plan to clinical so that you can use it with your patient. Educate patient that sodium intake is as follow: Healthy Adult No more than 2300 mg/day Cardiac Patient Less than 1500 mg/day Advise patients not to add salts or seasonings to foods because it can increase sodium intake. They can choose options such as non-sodium seasonings instead! (For Example: Mrs. Dash offers AMAZING no-salt seasonings) Also, advise patient that using herbs for seasoning like garlic, ginger or lemon are good alternatives Foods to Avoid: Frozen meals Limit milk intake to no more than 2 cups a day Cheeses Canned soups and vegetables Advise patient if buying canned vegetables he/she can rinse these prior to eating with water Processed meats Always read your food labels Watch out for medications that contain sodium! Outcomes: Patient 1: Patient will be able to name 3 alternatives to seasoning with salt by end of shift, Tuesday 12pm. Patient 2: Patient will be able to name 3 food choices low in sodium by end of shift, Tuesday 12pm. (Lewis, 2014) Create an education plan for low fat, heart healthy diet. (What specifically would you teach this patient about this diet?) Include information on bad fats versus good fats. Please have a detailed plan that you can use to teach a patient. The plan should have at least 2 patient outcomes listed. You need to bring the plan to clinical so that you can use it with your patient. Daily Fat Consumption 25-35% of daily calories Polyunsaturated should be the primary source Food Choices Adequate intake of foods with omega 3 fatty acids have proven to be good for the heart (American Heart Association) Eat fish at least two times a week (American Heart Association) â€Å"Omega-3 fatty acids decrease risk of arrhythmias, which can lead to sudden death. Omega-3 fatty acids also decrease triglyceride levels, slow growth rate of atherosclerotic plaque, and lower blood pressure† (American Heart Association). Eat more: Whole grains Fresh vegetables and fruit If you cannot afford fresh fruit try fruit canned in natural juices versus syrups Low fat cheeses and dairy Avoid processed foods, and those high in saturated fats Foods high in saturated fats include: Butter Bacon Cheese Outcomes: Patient 1: Patient will be able to verbalize ways to decrease fat consumption on a daily basis by end of shift, Tuesday 12pm. Patient 2: Patient will be able to verbalize the need for consumption of Omega 3 fatty acids by end of shift, Tuesday 12pm. Give examples of situations when you would need to increase oral intake of foods high in potassium. Patients with hypertension on a potassium wasting diuretic, â€Å"diarrhea, laxative abuse, vomiting, and ileostomy drainage† would need to increase oral intake of foods high in potassium or take a potassium supplement (Lewis, 2014, p. 297). Give examples of situations when you would need to decrease oral intake of foods high in potassium. (Note: this could be in regard to disease processes or medications) Prepare a list of foods high in potassium. Please bring the list to clinical that you could use to teach the patient. Patients taking â€Å"ACE Inhibitors, Potassium Sparing Diuretics or NSAIDS may need to decrease their intake of oral potassium† (Lewis, 2014, p. 296). Also, patients who have â€Å"renal disease, burn victims, Addison’s disease, Tumor Lysis Syndrome and those with Adrenal insufficiency† may also need to decrease their intake of oral potassium (Lewis, 2014, p. 296). Foods High In Potassium Fruits Vegetables Other Foods Apricot, avocado, banana, cantaloupe, dried fruits, grapefruit juice, honeydew, orange, orange juice, prunes and raisins Baked beans, butternut squash, refried beans, black beans, cooked broccoli, carrots, greens (except kale), canned mushrooms, white and sweet potatoes, cooked spinach, tomatoes or tomato products, and vegetable juices Bran or bran products, chocolate, granola, milk, nuts, seeds, peanut butter, salt substitutes, salt free broth and yogurt (Lewis, 2014, p. 1115) Using the following template, prepare the following medication which many of the patients on 7S take (Remember that these are cardiac patients when looking at the indications of the medication) Please do not copy and paste from medication resource, complete in your own words. Be sure to include your reference: (24) points) **Do not copy and paste from medication resource, complete in your own words. Be sure to include your reference. Drug Order: Generic Brand Name Drug Classification: Drug Action: (How drug works?) Normal dosage: Expected Effects/Outcomes: (What symptoms do you want to improve?) Adverse Effects/Contraindications: Nursing Responsibilities: On-going assessment data and lab values to be monitored Nurse will: Aspirin 81 mg Classification: Antiplatelet Action: Hinders production of prostaglandins which prevents blood clots. Decreases platelet clumping Normal dose: PO: Adults 50–325 mg Q24 hours Expected effect: Prevention of blood clots in high risk cardiac patients. Blood in stool Stomach Pain Constipation Gastric bleeding Nausea Hearing assessment Vitals monitoring Assess heart function Monitor hemoglobin Monitor Hematocrit Monitor platelet count Assess urine, vomit and stool for blood Clopidogrel (Plavix) Classification: Antiplatelet Action: Hinders production of prostaglandins which prevents blood clots. Decreases platelet clumping . Normal dose: PO: Adults 300 mg initially, then 75 mg once daily; aspirin 75–325 mg once daily should be given concurrently. Expected effect: Prevention of blood clots in high risk cardiac patients. Blood in stool Constipation Nausea Gastric bleeding Stomach pain Hearing assessment Vitals monitoring Assess heart function Monitor hemoglobin Monitor Hematocrit Monitor platelet count Assess urine, vomit and stool for blood Lisinopril (Zestril; Prinivil) Classification: ACE inhibitor Action: Stops angiotensin I from converting to angiotensin II. This reduces arterial resistance Normal dose: PO: Adults 10 mg once daily, can be increased up to 20–40 mg/day Expected effect: Decrease in blood pressure. Fatigue Headache Dry cough Angioedema Increase in serum potassium Increase in BUN Increase in Creatinine Obtain baseline BP Obtain baseline pulse rate and rhythm. Reassess frequently Monitor weight Monitor FEs Monitor WBC Monitor potassium Monitor Renal function Assess patient compliance throughout treatment Losartan (Cozaar) Classification: Angiotensin II receptor blocker Action: Blocks vasoconstriction effects of angiotensin II. Normal dose: 50 mg once daily initially. May be increase to 100mg per day in 1-2 doses Expected effect: Decrease in blood pressure. . Vomiting Nausea Increase in serum potassium Increase in BUN Increase in creatinine levels Monitor BP prior to admin. And throughout treatment Monitor weight Monitor FEs Monitor potassium Monitor renal function Assess patient compliance Medication should be taken with food. Metoprolol (Lopressor) Classification: Antihypertensive Action: Blocks stimulation of beta 1 adrenergic receptors. Normal dose: 25–100 mg/day as a single dose initially or 2 divided doses; may be increased every 7 days as needed up to 450 mg/day Expected effect: Decrease in blood pressure and increase in HR, BP, and contraction. Fatigue Dizziness Bradycardia Fluid retention Edema Hypotension Assess arrhythmia prior to and during treatment Continuous ECG monitoring Monitor vitals Assess apical pulse Assess BP Assess liver function Lovastatin (Mevacor; Altocor) Classification: Anti-lipid Action: Interferes with cholesterol synthesis by lowering lipid levels Normal dose: 20 mg once daily with evening meal. May be increased at 4-wk intervals to a maximum of 80 mg/day Expected effect: Decrease in cholesterol. Hepatitis Cirrhosis Myalgia Gas Constipation Cramps Nausea Pancreatitis Vomiting Assess cholesterol prior to treatment and Q4 weeks during Monitor liver function Monitor for deficiency in fat soluble vitamins: A, D, E and K Monitor for deficiency in folic acid Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Classification: Anti-lipid Action: Interferes with cholesterol synthesis by lowering lipid levels Normal dose: 10–20 mg once daily initially may be increased every 2–4 weeks up to 80 mg/day; Expected effect: Decrease in cholesterol. Hepatitis Cirrhosis Myalgia Gas Constipation Cramps Nausea Pancreatitis Vomiting Assess cholesterol prior to treatment and Q4 weeks during Monitor liver function Monitor for deficiency in fat soluble vitamins: A, D, E and K Monitor for deficiency in folic acid Amiodarone (Cordarone; Pacerone) Classification: Antiarrhythmic Action: Prolongs action potential Normal dose: PO: Adults 800–1600 mg/day in 1–2 doses for 1–3 weeks then 600–800 mg/day in 1–2 doses for 1 month then 400 mg/day maintenance dose. Expected effect: Decrease in arrhythmia Hypotension Bradycardia Worsening arrhythmias Anorexia Nausea Vision disturbances Assess arrhythmia before and during treatment ECG monitoring Monitor vitals Assess for toxicity Measure apical pulse Measure BP Monitor liver function Pt should not consume grapefruit juice while taking this medication Nitroglycerin (sublingual) Classification: Antianginals Action: Relaxes smooth muscle and promotes vasodilation Normal dose: SL: Adults 0.3–0.6 mg; may repeat every 5 min for 2 additional doses for acute attack. Expected effect: Reduction of blood returning to the heart. Hypotension Dizziness, Increased HR Headache Assess vital and monitor them throughout treatment Administer sublingually at first sign of heart attack Carvedilol (Coreg) Classification: Antihypertensive Action: Blocks stimulation of beta 1 adrenergic receptors Normal dose: Hypertension– 6.25 mg twice daily, may be ↑ q 7–14 days up to 25 mg twice daily or extended-release– 20 mg once daily, dose may be doubled every 7–14 days up to 80 mg once daily Expected effect: Decrease in blood pressure and increase in HR, BP, and contraction. Fatigue Bradycardia Dizziness Hypotension Fluid retention Edema Assess arrhythmia prior to and throughout treatment Continuous ECG monitoring Monitor vitals Assess apical pulse Assess BP Assess liver function Amlodipine (Norvasc) Classification: Antihypertensive Action: Prevents calcium from crossing myocardial cell membrane and vascular smooth muscle Normal dose: PO: Adults 5–10 mg once daily Expected effect: Decrease in blood pressure Orthostatic hypotension Headache Dizziness Edema Arrhythmias Assess vitals Monitor ECG throughout treatment Monitor vitals Monitor liver function Pt will need assistance w/ ambulation Monitor FEs Educate patient on need to decrease sodium and fluids to subsequently decrease edema Furosemide (Lasix) Classification: Loop Diuretic Action: Inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the ascending loop of Henle and distal renal tubule. This causes increased excretion of water, sodium, calcium, magnesium and chloride. Expected effects: Management of edema associated with heart failure and hepatic or renal disease, acute pulmonary edema, treatment of hypertension (Vallerand, 2013) FE imbalances Tinnitus Diarrhea Hyperglycemia Nausea Vomiting Liver dysfunction Paresthesia Orthostatic hypotension Assess CBC Assess liver function prior to administration Assess electrolytes prior to administration Monitor BP Monitor Pulse Monitor for hypovolemia Assess for diuresis Assess for polydipsia Assess mucous membranes Assess skin turgor Monitor for edema Monitor weight IOs All drugs referenced : (Vallerand, 2013) References: American Heart Association: Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acids. (2014, May 14). Retrieved February 13, 2015, from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyDietGoals/Fish-and-Omega-3-Fatty-Acids_UCM_303248_Article.jsp Lewis, S. M., Dirksen, S. R. (2014). Medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems (Ninth ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier. Louie, D., Wedell, R. (2014). Optimizing heart health. American Nurse, 46(3), 13. Vallerand, A. H., Sanoski, C. A. (2013). Daviss drug guide for nurses (Fourteenth ed.). Phila-delphia: F.A. Davis Company.